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发表于:2012-10-23 阅读:139次

    高考数学中,得高分是不容易的,偏难的题目并不好解。今天南宁高中数学家教就给大家说说。九大转化思路解题法!

    当我们遇到一个较难解决的问题时,不是直接解原题目,而将题进行转化,转化为一个已经解决的或比较容易解决的数学题,从而使原题得到解决。  

  比如,对题目A常常有以下两种转化形式:A←→B←→C…G←→H;或者A←B←C…G←H等。 

  转换这种重要的思维策略有着广泛的应用,这首先取决于数学本身是客观世界的空间形式和数量关系的反映,矛盾与对立不断地处于转化与统一之中,在数学知识体系中充满了转换:通过符号法则,有理数四则运算就转换成算术运算;解方程就是应用消元、降次的方法的一种转换;平面图形通过延拓、折迭构成了空间形体;而空间中的问题通常要转换成平面的来研究;在证明了两角和的余弦公式后通过对角的转换可以得到一系列的和角、差角、倍角、半角的三角函数公式。在解题中转换更是一种重要的策略和基本的手段。通常的转化有厂面几种。   

  1.问题的情境的转化  

  把需要解决的问题从一个陌生的情境转换成熟悉的、直观的、简单的问题。  

  例一个街区有5条横街5条纵街,一个人从左上角A处出发依最短途径走到右下角B处,共有多少种不同的走法 

  评析:如果要具体计算各种不同的走法,将会不胜其繁,因为在多数街道的交口,按照最短途径的要求行人都只有二种可能的选择:向右走横街或向下走纵街,而不许走向左或向上,因此不易直接求解。但当我们考虑行人从A到B的每一条最短途径都由4段横街和4段纵街构成,因而每一种走法都对应一种这4横4纵的有序排列,反之亦然。因此,所求的不同的最短  

  2.特殊与一般的转化

  从特殊到一般,从具体到抽象是研究数学的一种基本方法,在一般情况下难以发现的规律,在特殊条件下比较容易暴露,而特殊情况下得出结论、方法也往往可推广到一般场合,所以特殊和一般之间的转换可以用来验证命题的正确性,探索解的途径。   

  3.数量与图形的转化  

  这是一种重要的,并被广泛使用的转换。大量数式问题潜在着图形背景,借助形的直观性解题是寻求解题思路的一种重要方法。有时画一个图形给问题的几何直观描述,从数式形的结合中易于找出问题的逻辑关系。   

  4.命题间的映射转化   

  如果数学命题(或问题)在原集合A中直接解决比较困难,可以运用某种法则把它映射到另一个集合B中去,得到一个对应的映射命题(或问题),然后在B集中讨论并解决映射问题,再把解决的结果逆映射到原集中来,从而使原命题获得解决。这种转化方法称为映射法。用映射法转化,关键在于适当地选择映射法。一般地,只要映射法则选择得当,映射问题总是易于解决的,特别地,只要A集与B集能建立一一映射,则产生的新命题(或问题)与原命题(或问题)一定等价。此时逆映射过程往往可以省略,这就更加简单了。  

  5.构造新命题的转化  

  有些命题(或问题)直接解决遇到困难,通过分析具体命题(或问题),设想构造一个与原命题(或问题)相关的新命题(或问题),通过对新命题(或问题)的研究达到解决原命题(或问题)的目的,这种转化方法称为构造法。构造法是数学中最富有活力的数学转化方法之一,通常表现形式为构造函数、构造方程、构造图形等。  

  6.参数与消元的转化  

  参数既是揭示变化过程中变量之间内在联系的媒介,又是刻划变化过程的数学工具。利用参数这一本质特性实现数学转化的方法叫参数法。经常运用参数法实现转化的形式有:引入参数将函数或方程变量个数减少;引入参数将问题的解决归结于对参数的讨论。  

  7.条件强弱间的转化  

  数学命题(或问题)就所论条件和结论而言往往有强与弱、复杂与简单、一般与特殊、常义与极端情形之分,为叙述简便统称前种情形为“甲种情形”,后种情形为“乙种情形”,若乙种情形的命题(或问题)不易解决,有时“进”一步先处理甲种情形的命题(或问题),因为甲种情况的命题(或问题)往往更能展示问题的本质属性,所以由此推出原命题(或问题)有时反而显得很容易。反之,若甲种情形的命题(或问题)不易解决,有时“退”一步先处理乙种情形的命题(或问题),因为乙种情形的命题(或问题)往往寓含着甲种情形的某些本质属性和求解规律,挖掘发现这些东西可以在处理方法和结论上获得解决甲种情形的有益启示,从而使甲种情形最终获得解决,这种转化方法本文称为“进退法”。如“不等价变换”实现命题(或问题)强与弱的转化,“降化归去”实现命题(或问题)复杂与简单的转化,“归纳法”实现命题(或问题)特殊与一般的转化,都是进退法转化具体运用形式,这是大家十分熟悉的,这类例子就不再列举了,现仅举其它几例,从中可见运用进退法转化的妙处。  

  8.命题结构形式的转化  

  这是一种比较高级、有一定难度的转换,是不同的解题构想的转换,主要通过数学模型来实行,表现出数学智敏和思维的创造性。同时这种结构上的转换还反映出从整体到局部,从一般到特殊的关系。  

  9.等价与非等价的转化  

  由命题A(或问题A)可推出命题B(或问题B),反之,命题B(或问题B)亦可推出命题A(或问题A)。即A与B互为充要条件时,称为A与B等价。利用这种等价性将原命题(或原问题)转化成易于处理的新命题(或新问题)的方法称为等价法。  

  产生等价命题(或问题)经常通过以下几种途径:更换等价的条件(或已知)和结论(或所求);通过适当的代换;利用原命题与逆否命题的等价关系。  

  从以上的分析可以看出,转换的本质特征是知识和方法的迁移,这种迁移受一定条件的制约,从学习方法和认识规律来说,应该由以下几方面着手为联想与转换创造条件:   

  (l)知识的容量要大,要注意知识间的联系与演变,不断开拓思路,不断收集、积累联想、转换的实例。  

  (2)逐步掌握数学的基本思想方法,由简单到复杂,由低级向高级、由模仿到创新。联想与转换通常以一定的技巧、技能作为它的存在形式,而技巧与技能的形式与数学思想方法关系密切,这样做一方面有利于牢固地掌握基础知识,同时又有利于思维品质的优化。  

  (3)在学习中贯彻意义学习的原则,所谓意义学习就是新知识与学习者头脑中认识结构中已有的适当知识建立非人为的实质性的联系,也就是说,学习活动要以不断发展和完善认识结构为目的。

     最后,南宁高考数学家教预祝各位考生在2013年高考中取得好成绩!

文章来源于南宁家教网http://nn.jiajiao400.com

发表于:2012-10-16 阅读:133次

    高中英语和初中英语相比,要难很多。初中掌握的都是一些基础知识,到了高中才进行深入的学习。往往一些初中英语成绩很好的学生到了高中成绩会不理想。这是有多方面的原因的。那么怎么才能做好初中升高中的英语学习衔接呢! 

  一、 词汇教学策略

  我市本届高一学生没有使用最新人教版的初中英语新教材,因而与我们现行的高一英语新教材在词汇方面是脱节的,现行的初中英语新教材中有368个词汇在旧教材中没有出现,所以很有必要做好初、高中英语词汇衔接。词汇教学的大敌是死记硬背,为了使学生能够继续保持浓厚的学习英语兴趣和养成良好的学习英语习惯,牢固记住所学的单词,我们可以从以下几方面入手:

  1.帮助学生了解英语词汇的构成规律

     英语单词的数量虽然庞大,但构成单词的元素----词根、前缀和后缀等却是有限的,比如:常见的词根约有300多个,常见的前缀、后缀约有100多个,如果能熟练地掌握这些单词的基本构件,并对单词进行分析和记忆,则会增强词汇的记忆效果。因此,教师应帮助学生找出单词识记中的难点,降低词汇记忆的难度,以帮助学生提高词汇学习的效率。

  2.指导学生运用精加工策略

  英语单词的识记过程就是信息的储存和检索的过程,信息要进入长时间记忆必须进行精加工,要对一个生词进行全面加工,即单词的发音、拼写、语法范畴、语境意义及其横纵合关系等,而不是加工其中的一个或两方面,对英语单词进行语义加工会激活和利用原有知识,并能提供更多的检索路线,因而有利于深层记忆。比如: “capture”这个词,在以下三个语境中意思相差很远。(1) The thief has not been captured yet.目前窃贼尚未抓获。(capture 的同义词: arrest, seize). (2) The invaders were driven out of the land they had captured.侵略者从他们占领的土地上被驱逐出去.( capture的同义词:control, gain, hold). (3) The event captured all the newspapers and made headlines.这一事件引起各大报纸的关注并成为头条新闻。(capture同义词attract)。因此我们提倡要在语境中学习和运用单词,绝大多数英语单词是学生经过重复接触各种语境后逐渐学会的。

  3.培养学生运用元认知策略

  学生词汇量的大小和词汇记忆能力的强弱往往与其学习策略相关,元认知策略是词汇学习中的重要策略之一,是为了成功掌握英语词汇而采取的管理步骤。比如,确定学习目标,制定学习计划,监控学习过程和评估学习效果等。培养学生掌握自主的词汇学习方法,首先应该提高其元认知意识,也就是学生对自己的词汇学习以及对学习任务和方法的意识。教师除了应向学生讲明这些具体策略的意义外,更重要的是让他们在实践中学习,帮助他们确定学习目标、制定学习计划、制定目标和计划可以激励学生学习,克服其学习的盲目性,选择适合自己的方法学习英语词汇,并能协助学生自我监控和评估,以便使其随时了解自己的学习水平和学习进展情况,有利于学生随时发现和解决词汇学习中的问题。

  总之,单词是学习英语的基础。记不住英语单词就意味着一定会学不好英语。这是肯定的。高中的单词比初中所学的复杂很多,因此要掌握技巧。做好衔接工作。

文章来源于南宁家教网http://nn.jiajiao400.com

初三英语之写作 [初中英语]
发表于:2012-10-16 阅读:78次

    中考写作,考察考生对英语的全面应用,如果你写不出好的句子,不如背一些好的句子。尤其是生活相关的一些事件。
  
  1.体育锻练(sports)
  o作为一名初三的学生,我们每天进行体育锻炼,如做操、打篮球…因为运动能增强体质,减少疾病。运动使大脑休息,使复习效果更好。通过体育锻炼我…在今后我要…
  o词汇:junior three, do sports, morning exercises, take exercise, health, healthy, relax, strong, necessary, kinds of
  o句型:such as, so on, i think…, doing…;so that…;become… and …;it's adj. for sb. to do sth.;… because…
  范文1. as a grade 3 student, we have sports every day, such as doing some exercise, playing basketball and so on. we do sports because it can not only make us strong and but also keep us healthy. it can also make us have a good rest and study better. so i will keep doing sports every day from now on.
  范文2. as a middle school student of junior three, i do sports one or two hours a day, such as doing morning exercises, playing basketball, long-distance running and so on. i think it is very helpful to me. taking exercise makes me healthier so that i won't be ill very often. what's more, i also get myself relaxed in different kinds of sports, and then i do the better job in my study in high spirit. by doing physical exercise, i'm becoming stronger and more confident than before. i think it is necessary for everyone to spend some time on sports every day because people's health is essential in modern life.
  2.日记
  o今天(4月15日)上午你去参加了英语角活动。请根据提示写一篇日记。
  o简介:英语角成立于三年前,许多中学生参加,还有大学生和外国朋友。
  o地点:家附近的公园。内容:练口语,谈感兴趣的事,交流学习英语的经验。
  o感想:很…下决心…
  o词汇:english corner, found, college students, foreigners, take part in, activity, experience, chance, exchange, widely, talk about, improve
  o句型: which/ that + clause; it is … since…;as well as; practice doing;i think…,… after…;try one's best to do…;be + done
  范文1
  o15th, april                    fine
  o this morning i went to the english corner which is in the park near my home. it is three years since it was founded. many middle school students as well as college students and foreigners take part in the activity. people there practice speaking english by talking about something interesting. people also exchange the experience in english learning. i think it is a good chance for me to use what i have learnt in my english class. i felt very cool after i got back home. i'll try my best to learn english better, for it is so widely used in the world.
  o范文2.
  oapril, 15                  fine
  o how interesting! i went to an english corner in a park near my home this morning. there were many students and foreign friends in the english corner. the english corner was founded three years ago. i think we can not only practice speaking english but also make a lot of foreign friends. we talked about interesting things and exchanged the experience of learning english with each other. i have improved my english since i became a member of the english corner.
  3.the favorite subject
  o我们在学校学习很多课程,如数学、语文、英语、体育…在这些课程当中我最喜欢…因为…在这门课中我学会了…
  o词汇:subject, among, language, foreign culture, sound, improve, host, the olympic games, useful, top,
  o句型:like… best,… because…;
  not only… but also…
  ohow to do…,sound +adj
  be different from,with one's help
  oit's known…,must be…,make up mind to do sth.
  范文1.
  i am a middle school student. i study many subjects at school. there are chinese, maths, english, pe and so on. among them, i like english best, because in class i can not only learn how to use the language but also know some foreign culture. sometimes they sound interesting, for they are quite different from ours. with the teachers' help, my english has improved a lot. it's known that beijing is going to host the 2008 olympic games. at that time, english must be the most useful language in our city. i have made up my mind to learn english well and be the top student in english learning. 王可
  范文2.
  owe can learn many subjects in our school, such as chinese, english, physics, history and so on. even though i like all the subjects, my favourite is history. history is so interesting that i will never forget it. it usually takes me a lot of time to read the books on history. from the books i have learnt about the development of human beings. i think history is the best of all the subjects.(肖宇)
  4.the hobby groups
  o你们学校有很多兴趣小组活动,你参加的是什么小组?请记叙一次你参加的小组活动,什么时间活动?在哪里?活动中做了什么?你的感受是什么?
  o词汇:hobby groups, computer group, photograph group, calligraphy group, dancing group, join, member, start, interesting, knowledge,
  o句型:there are many …in our school, such as…
  o i'm a member of…,i join … because
  o i'm interested in;not only… but also…
  o i hope that…; i have made up my mind…
  范文1.
  there are a lot of hobby groups in our school. i am a member of the science group. last year, the teacher asked me to grow some flowers and watch them. then i should write a report about these flowers. i felt very excited about it. during that time, i was so busy with my flowers that i even forgot the time. i have become more and more interested in science, so i hope to be a scientist when i grow up.
  范文2.
  our school has many hobby groups. i am a member of photograph group. we often go to the hills or lakes to take good photos. last summer holiday, we went to the great wall. all of us took a lot of beautiful photos. we enjoyed ourselves there. i hope that we can go to mount emei next time
o5. my friend
  o每个人都有自己的朋友,请把你最要好或最特殊的朋友介绍给大家。
  o词汇:
  o1. n. friends, parents, teachers, classmates, family, school, relatives , happiness, sadness, generation gap, feelings, friendship, communication, teamwork
  o2. v. make friends, understand encourage take good care of,expect, get on well with, play together, smile, trouble, talk with, quarrel with, help each other, discuss, argue, do well in enjoy oneself
  o3. adj. happy, sad, important, lonely , helpful, necessary
  o句式:
  o1. i hope we can understand each other.
  o2. it's necessary to understand each other.
  o3. no one can be successful only by himself.
  o4. there are some sayings, "friendship is sunlight in the dark." "if there
  were no friendships in a city, it would become a desert."
  o5. although we sometimes quarrel with each other, yet we get on well later.
  o6. we should get on well with everyone around us.
  o7. the more friends you get, the happier you will be.
  o8. a friend can not only help you, but also bring you happiness.
  o9. everybody needs friends to talk with and get confidence from.
  o10. don't argue, but discuss.
  o11. people who refuse to consider others have few friends.
  o12. we need to learn how to take care of other people.
  o13. "a friend in need is a friend indeed."
  o范文
  o my best friend
  o i have not only a lot of common friends, but also a special friend. he is my father. my father isn't tall but he is very kind and lovely. he usually helps me with my maths and physics in the evening. at weekends he plays chess, cards with me. when i am in trouble. he always help me in time. i prefer my father to any other friend. i think he is not only a good father, but also one of my best friends. i love my father very much.
  6.my pets
  o现在,越来越多的人拥有宠物,比如,狗,猫,兔子,鱼等,动物已经成了我们的好朋友,他们为人们带来了很多的乐趣,你们家有宠物吗?谈谈你的看法
  词汇:
  o1.n. pet, dog, cat, fish, feather, nose, fur, playmate, friend
  o2. v. bark, keep pets, take time, cost money, bring troubles, bring a lot of fun, run, feed on, relax, play with sb
  o3. adj. lovely, nuaghty, small, white, funny
  o句式:
  o1. today more and more people have kept animals for pets.
  o2. even though keeping a pet takes time and costs money,
  i think pets will bring us a lot of fun.
  3.it is true to say dogs are man's best friends
  o4. his two eyes are just like two big lamps both big and bright
  o5. his noses are like a button next to the eyes.
  o6. what a lovely dog!
  o.7.it is necessary for a child to have a pet to play with because they are lonely sometimes.
  o8.i like to play with my pet after i finish my homework
  o9. i often take a walk with my pet after supper.
  o10.when i am unhappy, i like to talk with my dags
  范文
  otoday more and more people keep animals for pets, like dogs, cats, rabbits, birds, fish, and so on. some people think that animals often make rooms dirty and smelly. even though keeping a pet takes time and costs money. i think pets will bring us a lot of fun.
  othree years ago my uncle gave me a dog, a naughty dog. i liked it very much. the dog was about one year old. i called him taotao. his two eyes are just like big lamps, both big and bright. he has long and white hair which makes him look like a white ball. his nose is like a button next to the eyes. he has a cute look. when we have meal he looks at us and barks at us. he seems to say:" why don't you give me something to eat?"
  owhat a lovely dog! i like it very much!
  7.学英语
  现在有很多人都在学习英语,因为人们认为英文很重要。你认为学好应为的方法是什么?你是怎样学习英文的?
  o词汇:
  on. a foreign language, a second language, an international language, spoken english, english-speaking countries, olympic games, opening up polity ability, a good future, income, salary, entry into wto, future study, information age, one of the subjects, in the modern world, opportunities, required courses, a large number of, volunteer, success,
  ov. make a contribution to, be used by, speck to, talk with, secure, study hard, understand, encourage sb. to do, try one's best, go abroad, graduate from, learn from, put one's heard into, give up, be interested in, communicate, practice speaking, come true, catch up with, get ready for,
  oadj. important, difficult, useful, interesting, widely, easy, hard, popular, necessary, popular,
  o句式
  o1 there's nothing difficult if you put your heart into it
  o2 i think it is important and necessary for everyone to learn english.
  o3 the better english you speak the more chances you will get
  o4. more and more people prefer to learn english rather than learn the other languages
  o5. china's entry into wto encourages more people to learn…
  o6. learning english well is good for our future
  o7. if you are good at english you can make a contribution to …. 8.they want to learn english well so that they can go to a good high school.
  o9. there are more and more people learning english.
  o范文
  there are a lot of people learning english in china. why do people learn english in china? because they think it is very useful. beijing's successful bid for the 2008 olympic games encourages more people to learn english. how can we learn english well? at first, i try to speak as much as i can. i speak english with my classmates and teachers in school. secondly, i listen to english as often as possible in and out of class and write down the important things the teacher teaches in class. thirdly, at night i like to listen to the english songs at home. at last, i go over my lessons and do a lot of practice after class. fourthly, it is also important to remember the english words .i think if we do like this, we can learn english well. in fact, there is no good and easy way to learn english well. but there is nothing difficult if we put our heart into it. o8. one child policy
  o中国人口现已达13亿,造成了许多不良后果。降低人口数量势在必行。独生子女的政策使每个家庭更重视孩子的健康和教育。学会与他人交流很必要…
  o词汇
  ofamily, child, policy, brothers and sisters, population, solve, problem, large, allow, slow down, feel lonely, challenge, necessary, traffic, water problem, chance, take care of, basic, save, energy, improve, economy, food, advantage, carry out, education, environment, society, develop, sooner or later, the standard of living, competition, spoil, comfortable, get on well with
  o句式
  o1. friends are important to a person who is the only child of his family, for he has no brothers or sisters.
  o2. china has the largest population in the world.
  o3. we will have smaller families with fewer, but healthier children.
  o4. one child policy has made a contribution to improving the people's quality.
  o5. we should find out the best way to solve the population problem.
  o6. what can be done to slow down the population of china?
  o7. other are worrying about "one child" don't know how to get on well with others.
  o8. we feel lonely because we have no brothers or sisters to talk with at home.
  o9. it's very difficult to find a job now.
  o10. china is still a developing country.
  o11. more energy will be saved if there is fewer people.
  o12. there are so many people in china, so we have to work harder and harder, or we will have no chance.
  o范文
  othe population of china is 1.3 billion now. the large population has made many bad results, for example, the environment is becoming worse and worse. so to reduce the population is urgent. in china almost every family has only one child, in this way-china's one child policy, the government has controlled the growth of the population.
  oin a family of three-mother, father and the child, the child is usually brought up patiently. the parents let him have good education and want him to be a useful person to the society when he grows up. as the child has no brothers or sisters, he must be trained to get on well with other people, such as his classmates, teachers, other family members etc. he has to get used to communicating with others. usually, i think it is hard to us -"one child", yet i never give up.
  omost of the developed countries have a small population each. i am sure the one child policy will bring many advantages to china.
  9. travelling
  o你喜欢旅游吗?你的上一次旅游去了哪里?都看到了什么?你们玩得愉快吗?请谈谈你的想法。
  词汇:holiday travel mobilephone go outings happy
  句式:
  1.i like … very much.
  2.last summer, i went to …with whom
  3.we went to… by bus ( train, car,bike..)
  4.we set off at (place)… at (time)…
  5.it took sb. some time to get there
  6.we took a lot of pictures there
  7.we had a good time there( enjoyed ourselves very much)
  8.it's such an exciting… that i will never forget it.
  o 范文:
  o last week i went to mount emei in sichuan province with my family. early in the morning, we took a taxi to beijing west railway station. the station was very lively.
  o half an hour later, we got on the train. on the train, we had a lot of fun. after 26 hours, we reached sichuan. there, we took many photos and had a goodtime. 5 days later, we came back to the beijing. even though my travel seemed really short, but my memory of the pleasant trip will last long

    命题者命作文题,一定会让考生有可写的东西,那么是离不开生活的。所以记一些相关的句子总会用的上。

 

文章来源于南宁家教网http://nn.jiajiao400.com

发表于:2012-10-11 阅读:157次

    议论文可以说是中考语文写作中,最好写的一种体裁了。抓住三要素,条理清晰,分数都不会太低。议论文的几大考点,下面给大家说说:

    一、议论文的三要素:论点、论据、论证。

  二、论证方法:道理论证、举例论证、对比论证、比喻论证。

  三、论证方式:立论、驳论。(议论文可由此标准分为立论文与驳论文二大类。)

  四、论证方法的作用:

  1.举例论证:通过举具体的事例加以论证,从而使论证更具体、更有说服力。格式:使用了举例论证的论证方法,举……(概括事例)证明了……(如果有分论点,则写出它证明的分论点,否则写中心论点),从而使论证更具体更有说服力。

  2.道理论证:通过讲道理的方式证明论点,使论证更概括更深入。有引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据、名人佚事、笑话趣闻等各种情况,其作用要具体分析。如引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据,可以增强论证的说服力和权威性;引用名人佚事、奇闻趣事,可以增强论证的趣味性,吸引读者下读。格式:使用了道理论证的论证方法,论证了……了观点,从而使论证更概括更深入。格式:使用了引用论证的论证方法,通过引用……证明……的观点,使论证更有说服力。(或更有趣味性,吸引读者下读)

  3.比喻论证:通过比喻进行证明,使论证生动形象、浅显易懂。格式:使用了比喻论证的论证方法,将……比作…,证明了…的观点,从而把抽象深奥的道理阐述得生动形象、浅显易懂。

  4.对比论证:对比论证的作用就是突出强调。格式:使用了对比论证的论证方法,将……和……加以比较,突出强调了……的观点。

  五、论据的类型和作用:

  论据可分为道理论据和事实论据二种类型,答题要点二个方面:(1)明确论据类型;(2)具体分析作用。这个题目就其实质是考查论据与论点的关系,无论是与中心论点与分论点的关系,都是证明与被证明的关系。

  规范性答题格式:

  这是……论据,在文中起着证明……(论点,如如果有分论点,则写出它证明的分论点,否则写中心论点。)补充论据作为一种新题型正在流行,做这种题目,注意以下二个方面:(1)看清楚要求补充的论据类型,即看清楚要求的是名言还是事例;(2)补充名人事例要注意字数限制。当然,作为应考,可以准备“勤奋”、“处世”等常见主题的名人事例和名言。名言字数要少,事情要熟悉,不要为求新而准备那些较长名言或不熟悉的名人事例。

  六、提出中心论点的方式:

  1.文章标题点明中心论点;2.文章开头提出中心论点;3.文章结尾归纳出中心论点;4.文章中间用某个承上启下的句子提出中心论点。5.文章没有直接提出中心论点,但始终围绕……展开论述。

  七、文章的论证思路

  首先应该了解一般议论文的结构:提出问题(引论)——分析问题(本论)——解决问题(结论)。

  分析议论文的论证思路,其实,就是在段落层次的基础上加上一些诸如“首先”、“然后”、“接着”、“最后”一类表承转启合关系的词语。做这个题目,尤其要注意开头结尾的表述。

  开头的内容有:

  (1)提出中心论点;(2)引出论题;以上二个方面,要具体回答出提出中心论点或引出论题的具体方试,有的是通过名人名言、有的是通过名人佚事、有的是通过趣闻笑话等。

  结尾的内容:

  (1)深化中心论点,提出……的结论;(2)重复或强化……的中心论点;(3)发出……的号召或劝勉人们……;(4)补充论证了……。(有时候会考查这方面作用,其作用是使论证更严密。)

  做这个题目,就是把文章的引论、本论、结论具体化地陈述出来。如《人的高贵在于灵魂》一文,我们可以这样表述:首先引用法国思想家帕斯卡的名言“人是一枝有思想的芦苇”提出中心论点“人的高贵在于灵魂”,然后举阿基米德、王尔德事例证明了“珍惜内在的精神财富甚于外在的物质财富”,最后举一个火车上读书的少女为例向人们发出“人应该保持纯正的精神追求”的劝勉。

  八、议论文语言特点分析:

  议论文语言特点分析的角度比较固定,只有二个角度:(1)语言特点;(2)语体特点。做这类题目,要掌握语言风格一些关键词:简明平实、形象生动、幽默风趣、含蓄委婉、富有文采等)。而语体特点,就是抓信逻辑严密四个字做文章就可以了。一个应特别注意的事项就是做这类的题目一定要有具体文句支撑,也就是用文章中的具体例句为例子进行分析。

  九、议论文写作特点分析

  议论文写作特点分析的角度比较多,如修辞手法、论证方法、写作手法等

  1.修辞:如比喻,可结合比喻特点谈,那就是形象生动;如排比,增强了文章论证的气势;如引用古诗文,使文章富有文采等。2.论证方法:参考论证方法的作用谈。3.写作手法比较固定,常见的就是举例论证与道理论证相结合(夹叙夹议);4.以……论证方法为主。同样,做这类的题目一定要有具体文句支撑,也就是用文章中的具体例句为例子进行分析。

  【考点及对策】

  一、议论文的论点考点

  第一,分清所议论的问题及针对这个问题作者所持的看法(即分清论题和论点)。

  第二,注意论点在文中的位置:(1)在文章的开头,这就是所谓开宗明义、开门见山的写法。(2)在文章结尾,就是所谓归纳全文,篇末点题,揭示中心的写法。这种写法在明确表达论点时大多有。所以,总之,因此,总而言之,归根结底等总结性的词语。

  第三、分清中心论点和分论点:分论一般位于段首或有标志性词语:首先、其次、第三等。

  第四、要注意论点的表述形式:有时题目就是中心论点。一篇议论文只有一个中心论点。

  第五、通过论据来反推论点:论据是为证明论点服务的,分析论据可以看出它证明什么,肯定什么,支持什么,这就是论点。

  二、议论文的论据考点

  论据是论点立足的根据,一般全为事实论据和道理论据。

  1、用事实作论据。事例必须真实可靠,有典型意义,能揭示事物本质并与论点有一定的逻辑联系。议论文中,对所举事例的叙述要简明扼要,突出与论点有直接关系的部分。明确论据时,不仅要知道文中哪些地方用了事实论据,还要会概括事实论据。概括时,要做到准确,必须依据论点将论据本质特点把握住,然后用确切的语言进行表述。

  2、用作论据的言论,应有一定的权威性,直接引用时要原文照录,以真核对,不能断章取义;间接引用时不能曲解愿意。

  三、议论文的结构、层次考点

  结构有:并列式结构、对照式结构、层进式结构、总分式结构。

  此考点的基本形式:作者如何证明论点的?

  答题思路:作者为了证明……观点,首先使用了……论据,然后对……论据进行了怎样的分析,从而证明了……观点。关键要说清楚证明过程的层次性。

  四、议论文的论证方法考点

  论证方法是指运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法,是论点和论据之间逻辑关系的纽带,中考要求掌握的有以下四种:

  举例论证:是列举确凿、充分、有代表性的事例证明论点的方法。因为“事实胜于雄辩”,所以举出确凿典型的事实来证明论点,能增强文章的说服力。

  道理论证:是引用具有权威性的言论证明论点的方法。所以这种方法使用得当,有很强的论证力量。分析引证法的作用,应先弄清引用了谁的言论,是为了证明什么,再把握引证法的特殊作用——具有权威性,论证有力。

  比喻论证:就是通过形象的比喻来证明论点的方法。这种方法可深入浅出地把道理讲得通俗形象,容易被人接受。

  对比论证:是用正反两方面的事实和道理进行鲜明对比,从而证明论点的方法。分析对比论证方法作用,两个方面XX比较,使其对与错更加分明,正确的观点更容易被读者接受。

  答题思路:(1)道理论据,增加论据的权威性。(2)事实论据,从哪个角度来证明论点。(3比喻论证,或生动形象证明了……,或深入浅出证明了……(要根据本体和喻体之间的关系来确定)。(4)对比论证,两个方面比较,使其对与错更加分明,正确的观点更容易被读者接受。

  五、议论文的语言特色考点

  1.分析议论文的语言特色,从以下几个方面入手:①要从逻辑的角度,分析其用词的准确,严密;②要从说理的角度分析其叙述的概括性和简洁性;③要从修辞的角度分析其用词的鲜明、生动和感情色彩。

  下面从不同角度解释一下:

  A、语言准确表现为:①概念使用准确,②定语、状语等修饰成分恰当。

  B、语言严密表现为:判断和推理严密,语言表达周密,逻辑性强。

  C、语言鲜明表现为:表述明确,不模棱两可,态度明确,爱憎分明,恰当使用修辞方法和特殊句式,增强语言的生动性和说服力。

  D、语言概括简洁表现为:议论文中事实叙述不细致,较笼统。用议论文的目的是以理服人。不宜详细叙事。否则会喧宾夺主。这一点一般的议论文都有体现,就不再举例说明了。

  如:加点词语有什么作用?

  答题思路:(1)确定、回答词语在语境中的(表层)含义;(2)词语对表达中心或阐明观点的(深层、比喻或引申)作用;这类题主要考语言的准确周密性和形象生动性。

  如:词语顺序是否可以颠倒?

  答题思路:(1)解释词语的含义;(2)阐明词语之间的时间或事理程序的先后顺序,强调其先后顺序或层次性。

  六、议论文中代词的指代对象考点

  这种考题在各种文体的阅读中都较为常见。

  答题思路:基本上分为两种情况:一是需要联系上下文加以概括的;二是原文中找出指代的内容,这种情况,指代的内容一般出现在代词之前,找到后可用其替换代词,通读句子视句意变化与否来检验其正误。

  七、开放性、拓展题考点

  这种题一般都是,考查学生阅读文章后所产生的情感体验或理性思考。解题时需结合文章发挥个人从阅读中获得的感悟。

  答题思路:相当于写一篇小的议论文,要有论点、论据。注意必须引用名言或名人轶事来证明自己的观点或认识。

  八、议论文中非议论成分考点

  答题思路:议论文中非议论成分,都是为论点服务的(不同表达方式,作用不相同,要看使用非议论成分的目的来确定)

文章来源于南宁家教网http://nn.jiajiao400.com

发表于:2012-10-11 阅读:156次

    作文的提高是一个很漫长的过程,就像你想提高英语阅读能力是一样的。后者在于词汇量的多少。而前者要求的更是多,没有一个积累的过程很难提高。
因此,建议同学们在考前作文要一篇多改。

  初三生王思源说,自己一直写不好作文。为了提高成绩,他坚持每天练随笔,可几个月下来,发现写作水平仍没有明显提高,觉得很沮丧。实际上,作文成绩的提高不靠一时努力,而需要日积月累。现在作文已占到整个试卷分值的“半壁江山”,学生在考前可重点“突击”一篇作文进行修改,考试时才能打一场有把握之仗。

  写完作文不修改,很难有进步。学生可找出一篇平时写得较好的范文,在此基础上,多思考,多修改,让自己的优点在临场写作中能发挥出来,要注意文章片段间的联系,多练习细节描写。学生写作文的频率不必太频繁,重点是多改,改是一个逐步提高的过程。明确了自己写作方面的不足后,才能有针对性地进行训练。

  

   

文章来源于南宁家教网http://nn.jiajiao400.com

发表于:2012-10-09 阅读:15次


    介词短语的构成:介词+名词/代词

  1.in+语言/颜色/衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着……。如:in English,in the hat

  2.in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。

  3.in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。

  4.in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。

  5.in the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”;on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。如:There are some in the tree. There are many apples on the trees.

  6.in the wall表示“在墙上(凹陷进去)”;on the wall表示“在墙上(指墙的表面)”。如:There’re four windows in the wall, and there is a map on the back wall.

  7.at work(在工作)/at school(上学)/at home(在家)应注意此类短语中无the。

  8.at + 时刻表示钟点。如:at six, at half , past ten.

  9.like this/that表示方式,意为“像……这/那样”。

  10.of短语表示所属关系。如:a picture of a classroom, a map of China.

  11.behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名词等,表示方位、处所。如:beside/ near the door, under/ behind the tree.

  12.from与to多表示方向,前者意为“从……”,后者意为“到……”。如:from one to ten, (go) to school/ bed/ work.

  13.如:on duty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on one’s bike等。

文章来源于南宁家教网http://nn.jiajiao400.com

发表于:2012-10-09 阅读:101次

    三类常见的标志性用语

  一、公共场所常用标志

  1.BUSINESS HOURS 营业时间

  2.OFFICE HOURS 办公时间

  3.OPEN 正在营业

  4.CLOSED 停止营业

  5.PULL 拉

  6.PUSH 推

  7.NO SMOKING 请勿吸烟

  8.NO PARKING 请勿停放车辆

  9.NO PHOTOS 禁止拍照

  10.ENTRANCE 入口

  11.EXIT 出口

  12.DANGER 危险

  13.Wet Paint 油漆未干

  14.Lost and Found 失物招领处

  15.Safety First 安全第一

  16.EMS (邮政)特快专递

  17.SOS 紧急求救信号

  18.No Litter 请勿乱扔杂物

  19.Hands Off 请勿用手摸

  20.Keep Silence 保持安静

  21.On Sale 削价出售

  22.Bike Park(ing) 自行车存车处

  23.Children and Women First 妇女、儿童优先

  24.Save Food 节约粮食

  25.Save Energy 节约能源

  26.Keep Away From Fire 切勿近火

  27.Keep Dry 保持干燥

  28.Cafe 咖啡馆、小餐馆

  29.Bar 酒吧

  30.KEEP OFF THE GRASS 勿踏草地

  二、商品说明用语

  31.On 开

  32.Off 关

  33.Pause 暂停

  34.Stop 关闭(停)

  35.Menu 菜单

  36.Fragile 易碎

  37.This Side Up 此面向上

  38.Introductions 说明

  39.F.F. 快进

  40.Rew. 倒带

  41.Play 打开(放)

  三、道路交通标志用语

  42.Turn left 左转弯

  43.Turn right 右转弯

  44.No Left Turn 禁止左转弯

  45.No Right Turn 禁止右转弯

  46.No Bikes 禁止自行车通过

  47.No Horn 禁止鸣喇叭

  48.No Passing 禁止超车

  49.Speed Limit 限速

  50.Do Not Enter 禁止驶入

  51.Road Closed 禁止通行

  52.Vehicles Only 机动车专用道

   53.No U Turn 禁止掉头

  54.U Turn OK 可以U形转弯

  55.Go Straight 直行

  56.one-way traffic 单向行驶

  57.Buses Only 只准公共汽车通过

  58.No Stopping 禁止停下

 

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