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定语从句 [高考英语]
发表于:2016-05-11 阅读:34次
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。 被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系副词:when, where, why。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句(与先行词关系紧密)和非限制性定语从句(与先行词的关系没有那么紧密)
1 、关系代词引导的定语从句
先行词是人:who,whom,that,whose
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
He is the man to whom I talked yesterday=He is the man that/who I talked to yesterday.(介词甩到了关系代词之前)
Is he the man whose father is your teacher? (whose前后的名词有从属关系)
先行词是物:which,that,whose
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.(which / that在句中作主语)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语)
Please pass me the book whose cover is red.(whose前后的名词有从属关系;先行词是物时,whose=of which)
关系代词that和which 都可以指物,that 和Who 都可以指人,其用法区别:
不用that的情况:
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
c) 多用who 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
②先行词为those, people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.
③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.
④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you.
⑤在被分隔的定语从句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时,后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时,只用that。
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。
The first English book that I read was "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twin.
d)先行词既有人,又有物时。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时,用that 以避免重复。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate.
f)关系代词在从句中做表语
He is not the man that he used to be.
2 、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
3、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
as常带有“正如”的意思。
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
4、几个特殊的先行词的规定用法
This is the way in which/that/不填 he did the job.
This is the reason why/for which/that/不填 he did the job.
This is the first time(次数)that/不填 we've done that.
This is the time(时间) when/at which/that/不填 he did the job.
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如何更加有效地掌握英语单词 [高考英语]
发表于:2016-05-11 阅读:61次
背诵英语单词对于学生来说一直是个令人头疼的问题,有没有更高效有助于记忆的办法呢?答案是有的。单单机械化记忆、死记硬背或是碎片式背诵(今天背20个,明天背另20个,单词选择完全随机)往往只有事倍功半的效果,长久以往也容易打击学生自信心,降低学生的学习热情,导致反作用。 下面就简单讲解几种方法与技巧,在平时死磕单词的过程中有意识地运用上,慢慢地你会发现每个单词似乎都是“熟人”。 一, 掌握最常见的各词性词尾的变化 名词词尾:t/sion ment ness ty ce er/or ee ant (人) 动词词尾:ize/ise fy en 形容词词尾:al t/sive ous ant(不用疑惑,就和古汉语一词多义一样,同一个词尾可以同时但当两种用处) 副词词尾:ly 以上是最常见的各词性的词尾,非完全列举。 掌握词性词尾的用处是——1. 除了那些最简单、音节较少、小学就教了的单词,如 apple long small,许多英语单词基本是由一个中心词根加上前缀后缀构成,所以熟悉词尾变化,可以一下子让你认识某个单词的整个家族。以act举例。act-action(名)、activity(名)-active(形) actor actress (人) 这样家族式的记忆单词,就只需你记住所有分支的根系—act ,到时要用到那种词性,自己加词尾变出即可。这样就不会要记的内容就不会过于繁杂且无序 2. 很多时候不熟悉某个单词往往是因为它变换了形态,而这个形态你没怎么见到过而已。如:urbanization,其实中心词就是urban,先变了动词urbanize,最后再加了名词词尾tion。所以熟悉各词性的词尾后,就会减少明明应该认识这个词但就是没看出来的情况。 二,掌握一些基本的词根词缀 那些常见的词根词缀,经常在单词中出现的,那我们就需要知道一下它的意思 比如: pro/pre 前 re 再or回 inter 互相 con/com/co 一起 英语中拉丁语与希腊语源头的词非常多,但也不是每一个词根词缀都需要认识,这对于高中阶段的学习来说并不是必要的。认识那些常见的,碰到单词时多想一下“这个是怎么构成的”,久而久之,你会发现原本对于单词意思模糊呆板的一个记忆会变得鲜活起来。比如:preview 前看——预习 review 再次看——复习 prospect 前看——前景,并由此认识spect是看,所以spectator 观众 spectacle 眼镜 三,单词和用法一起记,尤其熟悉各介词的基本意思 不要只背单独的单词,而是词语和用法一起记。这一点十分有助于加强对英语的总体感觉,尤其有助于阅读与翻译。 动词词组的重点是介词,介词是它的生命之源。相同的动词不同的介词搭配会带来千差万别的意思;反过来相同的介词不同的动词有时意思是差不多的。前一种情况简单举例即可: look for /look at 重点讲第二种情况。 请看一下动词词组: stop A from.../prevent A from.../ban A from... 意思分别为:制止A做.../防止A做.../禁止A做...。 这三个词组介词搭配都是from,而动词则不尽相同,但意思其实差不多,都是“不去做...”。因为from作为介词,基本意思是“远离”,所以无论前面使用什么动词,搭配它的词组的意思基本只会是“远离...”,也就是“不去做...”。
以上就是记单词时可以使用的小方法和技巧,希望能够对你有所帮助。
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