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发表于:2012-12-03 阅读:14次
历时18周的企业定制课程,酒店高级英语培训顺利结课,该专项培训注重口语实际操作能力和各环节的各部门的英语会话训练,听力训练,现场演练,考试实行笔试,听力,口试三方面结合,更加注重应用能力测试。
优秀论文 [学术论文]
发表于:2012-12-03 阅读:32次

Introduction

 

 

Fuzzy and precise are the basic attributes of the human language. The language not only has the accuracy, also has its fuzziness, they are indispensable and both complement one another. Just like English linguist Jones said: "We all (including those pursuing precise and unmistakable persons) in speaking and writing use the terminology and the principle not precisely, indefinitely, with the difficulty to give their definition, this certainly does not hinder the extremely useful of the word we use, moreover it is essential, as the human has the general knowledge (direct feeling, intuition), usually people use the imprecise expression method and the terminology with the difficulty to give its definition, but they still mutually understood." ⑴

The business language is the human language used in the commercial situations, thus, it similarly has these attributes. One important characteristic of international commercial English is clarity, namely in the written commerce correspondence and the contract or carrying on commercial negotiations and so on we should avoid using the ambiguous or interpretation languages to avoid inconvenient and misunderstanding in the commercial activities. However, in the actual commercial intercommunications, the business language has its fuzziness.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I. Fuzzy language

Language fuzziness actually reflects many transition phenomena existed in the objective reality. American philosopher Max Black said that, "The word fuzziness symbol is the limited scope which the word utilizes without clear boundary." ⑵ In other words, word fuzziness displays that it has the application-enclosed area, but this region boundary is not explicit. Lakoff explains hedges as " words and expressions made things fuzzy " are the most common, the most typical fuzzy language.⒀ As far as the substantiality concerned, the language itself is not quantification fuzzy set; it has the immateriality shape and the non-intuitionistic dim characteristics. The fuzzy language uses in the certain linguistic environment and the situation, it may play the unique role, the fuzzy language information on the surface seems fuzzy, but it substantially and relatively accurately expresses the complex emotion, the spoken motive or the latent consciousness; it relatively objectively rigorously expresses some kind of observation, the viewpoint, the forecast or the theory, thus it implicitly expresses the real thought and the innermost world, or it provides the logical, correct and reliable information.

Language fuzziness is different to the ambiguity (different meanings) or thickness of language, “ambiguity or ambivalence" refers to the language mark sequence of the identical form to express two or above different significances, the unconscious result produced in the language use process, it may be eliminated. “Thickness” refers to something originally should be said clearly has not been said clearly, often refers to the negative results produced by improperly using of the language, a phenomenon which must be avoided as far as possible.

"Fuzzy" refers to a kind of indefiniteness, which the central meaning of words and expressions in the language is clear about, but the scope boundary of the words and expressions is indefinite ⑶. This indefiniteness or fuzziness usually cannot or needlessly be removed through the context; it was determined by the fuzziness of the objective thing itself and the indefiniteness of people knowing about the objective world.

II. The basic characteristics of fuzzy language

Language fuzziness is represented in three stratification planes: the pronunciation, the glossary and the sentence. Many words and expressions of human language such as time, place, quantity, shape, the degree, the feeling and so on usually have factors: insufficiently clear about, unable to determine etc. and so to express these situations, the language unavoidably has the fuzzy color.

 

 

2.1 The indefiniteness of words and expressions referring to the scope and boundary

Russell, the English renowned philosopher once said, "A word has one, more or less fuzzy significance." ⑷ The American philosopher Blake in his book "Language And Philosophy" pointed out, "Words and expressions fuzziness displays that they have the enclosed area of application, but this region boundary is not explicit."Obviously, the fuzzy thing is fuzzy, lies in lacks itُ s the explicit boundary. The glossary fuzziness mostly expresses such category of glossary: time, space, quality, degree, color, etc. Its semantic fuzziness results from its frequent indefiniteness in the use of scope. Another kind of vocabulary expresses approximate concept such as approximately, as if, probably, nearly and so on, some scholar called them as "the fuzzy limit word" or " fuzzy tag". Glossary fuzziness also displays in the word reference, like “God", “Ghost "etc. These words reflected the things do not exist in the objective world, they have not actual reference, the people only imagine without foundation, and thus they also have fuzziness.

2.2 The indefiniteness for the conditions and possibilities of things

The law of excluded middle held that, two mutually contradictory concepts, cannot be simultaneously false, must be one true and one false, and cannot have the third possibility. Engels once wrote the article to criticize law of excluded middle, called materialist dialectics person " absolutely distinct and the fixed invariable boundary cannot be acknowledged in the world ", and held "the dialectics can make the difference of the fixed metaphysics mutually to transit", except that "either this or that", dialectics also acknowledged in the suitable place "both this and that", and caused the opposition for intermediary. The section of Engels’ speech has exactly promulgated "also this also that" fuzziness. For example, horse and donkey can have their descendant--- not a horse or donkey but the mule.

III. Reasons for fuzzy languages

    The coming into being of fuzzy language has two reasons: objective reason and subjective reason. For the first place, the objective things are inexhaustible but language is abstractive; for the second place, the limited human cognition, individual differences, etc.

3.1 Objective reason

The massive existence of fuzzy language has its objective, the objective things are concrete and inexhaustible, but the language is abstract and general, its unit cannot be infinitely increased. Hawks said that, " space time is a continual body in fact, it has not fixed or unchanged boundary or division, each language divides its time and space according to its own special structure ". Obviously, spatial and time existence is objective, shifting without person's will, regardless of how deepening of people's understanding, its fuzziness exists forever.

3.2 Subjective reasons

    There are many subjective reasons for fuzzy language. Language user's intercommunicative need, human limited cognition ability, individual differences, suspension meaning, etc. are the main aspects that we will discuss below.

3.2.1 Language user's intercommunicative need

Lewis proposed the differences between the fuzzy language and the non-fuzzy language lies in language and the language user′s relations but it does not lies in the relations between the language and the objective world, the people may usually and accurately carry on their language expression, even if sometimes this kind of expression encounters with some difficulties, people cannot care about it very much ⑸. For example, in the spoken language, the speaker has the scruples, fears looking for trouble, fears stimulating and injuring the other people; facing sensitive and subtle topic, in order to get rid of the difficult position or the pester; the uncertain reply to others' request and so on. If we make good use of the fuzzy expression, we can enable our own speech to have some kind of elastic pragmatics principle and politeness principle.

3.2.2 Human limited cognition ability

To the inconsistent of inexhaustible objective things as well as the concept and reference, the humanity can not but use the generalization method, expresses the maximum information content with the aid of the less languages unit. Therefore, when we take the language as the human communicative tools, language fuzziness is inevitable.

3.2.3 Individual differences of language intercommunication

In fact, the language intercommunication is the difference intercommunication. As the intercommunication main body, the language users, individual has the cognition differences; the individual respectively has the differences to the world understanding and in the cognitive ability; it is also various regarding the concept sensation and the experience to cause the essential cognition difference between the speaker (expressing party) and the listeners (understanding party). For example, for a similar concept, different speaker possibly has the different expression method, but the different individual possibly has the different understanding regarding the identical expression, thus the differences and the pragmatics fuzziness produced. Moreover, psychological, cultural differences as well as language changes and developments factors and so on produce the uncoordinated influence to each intercommunicative main body, which also cause the pragmatics fuzziness in intercommunication.

3.2.4 Suspense meaning placed by the language users

Suspense refers to the language information which the speaker transmits has the determination side, also has indefinite side, while the listener immediately increases the meaning and make supplement when s/he accepted the language information. This kind of significance causes the two to interact to each other, and that causes the listener’s various concrete understanding to be suspense significance, consequently, causes uncertain fuzzy language to transform into the different definiteness.

IV. Pragmatics functions in international commercial English fuzzy language

J. Channell pointed out that the fuzzy words and expressions are specially chosen for the language intercommunication, many motives are behind the use fuzzy language. The pragmatics functions about the fuzzy language, Channell summarizes ten points: to provide the just right information, to be unwilling to explain the details; to possess advising; interruptive transition of the word meaning; to be lack of the concrete information; the displacement; self protection; trenchancy and politeness; unofficial atmosphere; woman language⒁.

The American philosophers H.P. Grice pointed out in l967 in Harvard University′s series lectures, in the process of intercommunications, in order to guarantee the conversation smoothly to carry on, both sides of the speakers have to observe some basic principles, namely "the cooperation principle", and proposed the four subsidiary criteria of judgments or the concrete realization of cooperation principle, they are: quantity criterion, quality criterion, relation criterion and method criterion ⒂.His analysis conclusion is similarly suitable for special application language, according to the different situations in the international commercial intercommunications people can consciously use the fuzzy language to achieve some kind of pragmatics goal, either provide the just right information to enhance the language expression efficiency, either be unwilling to explain the details to keep the trade secret, either make up the concrete information to enhance the accuracy of the language expression, either express politeness to relax the awkward aspect, and so on. But Grice’s quality criterion request the information provided must be real, do not say the self-awareness false words, do not say the words without enough evidence. In the commercial English fuzzy language use has just followed this criterion.

4.1 Enhancing the pragmatics precision and its efficiency

Sperber & Wilson, in1986,proposed the pragmatics connection theory which took two big principles as the foundation: The cognition principle, namely the human cognition tends to produce the biggest connection; the intercommunication principle, namely discourse produces have the connection expectation⑹. The core of connection theory is the best connection, namely to achieve sufficient contextual efforts with no unjustifiable processing efforts in utterance interpretation.

As the indetermination of the objective itself, the information that the fuzzy language transmitted sometimes can be more accurate. This has manifested the dialectical unification of fuzzy and precise. Therefore in the specific social occasions, the fuzzy dictions can express the thoughts and feelings more accurately and can obtain the highly effective diplomatic effect than the precise dictions do.

Example 1: "China Daily" reported Premier Li Peng: "Chinese Premier Li Peng yesterday expressed the hope that entrepreneurs of the United States will continue efforts to help bring about an all-round improvement and development of Sino-US relations."⒃

What are the all-round improvement and development of Sino-US relations? As the diplomatic tactics needed, it is fuzzy, but the readers can accept it mentally and without suspecting the fact′s authenticity.

 Example 2:As far as we know,insurance companies accept goods packed in cartons to be insured against TPND.

 In this example, the supplier wants to provide the related cargo insurance information to the opposite party to make them feel relieved, but cannot definitely provide whether the information is accurate, the information source is reliably, therefore, fuzzy language "as far as we know" is used, it indicated this was only we understood, it didn’t represent the others’ opinions so as to avoid the information provided lacking of the proof, thus enhanced the accuracy of the expression.

The fuzzy language can increase the intercommunicative information content, transmit enough information with the fewer prices, make the high efficiency judgments and processing to the complex things. In the commercial activities, sometimes, it is not essential to be too precisely, the fuzzy language using can obtain the best connection. The commercial advertisement prominently has manifested this point---brief language expresses desired effect.

Example 1 One kind of cigarette ads in the US:Make it a mild smoke. Mild seven.Smooth,rich,rewarding.

Example 2: Romantic.Mysterious.Italian.

This advertisement only uses three fuzzy semantic adjective, actually it expresses the extremely deep connotation, can enable the person fully to transfer the related knowledge to launch the infinite imagination, thus achieves the best propaganda effect.

4.2 Strengthening pragmatics effect and the flexibility

In the process of diction intercommunication, because of the influence factors as the topic, the context and so on, the speaker uses fuzzy language to come to some effects with a few efforts

Example 1: It’s at the disposal of the board.We’ll give you our reply as soon as possible.

On the surface, it promises "as soon as possible", in fact, only it is the delaying tactics, what the board of directors’ opinion is, how to process finally, it can be settled down as it needed.

Example 2: Your balance of$835 is delinquent⒄.---- correction:Your balance of$835 is past due.

Some investigation discovered, businessmen more positive to the positive request, usually the appropriate and polite language may cause anticipated economic utility. "Delinquent" is in fact, the word with the negative significance, "past due" also has the negative significance, but somewhat persuasive and tactful.

   Example 3: The registered capital shall be generally represented in Renminbi, or may be in a foreign currency agreed upon by the parties to the joint venture.⑺

Here fuzzy expressions "generally, may" have manifested both parties of the contract nimble manner.

4.3 Manifesting politeness principle and relaxing the awkward situations  

The linguist Leech proposes "politeness principle". It contains six sub- criteria: appropriate criterion, tolerant criterion, commendation criterion, humble criterion, consistent criterion and sympathetic criterion ⒅.It provides the reasonable explanation for people to use the fuzzy language. It is key for people to treat each other with polite in business activities. The fuzzy language can make the expression more connotative, more relaxed and more polite. In international business negotiations, when we meet with opposite opinions or inconvenient spoken situations, if our language processing is inappropriate, we would fall into the deadlock.            

Example 1:

A: I'm afraid that the price you put forward just now is a little bit high.

B: Your product presentation makes me feel a little too--you know what l mean.

Both sides of negotiations didn’t bring out their own idea directly, but used fuzzy language "isn ' t up too much, you know what I mean" to make the language expression tactfully with connotation, made the reply rich elastic, made the awkward situation relaxed, thus carried the negotiations on smoothly.

Example 2: Could you lower your price a bit so that we can conclude the quick transaction?

Compare:Can you lower your price a bit so that we can conclude the quick transaction?

Example 3:We wanted to know whether you could effect shipment one month earlier.

Compare:We want to know whether you could effect shipment one month earlier.

In the face-to-face commercial discussion, indicated inquiry, request or different viewpoint expression with opposite party, if we use "Can you", "Will you", "I wonder", "I am sure", sometimes it appears stiffly, offensively, too firmly and absolutely in mood, if we use "Could you", "Would you", "I wanted ⋯", "I wondered ⋯", "I was sure ⋯" then adds some fuzzy words and expressions like "a bit", "earlier" and so on it appears persuasively, polite, temperate, appropriate, easily accepted by the opposite party.

4.4 Making the language visual and humorous to make the self-protection

In the certain context, the fuzzy language through its vivid and humorous characteristics increases the commercial article, the commercial advertisement or the commercial discussion elegant demeanor. Leech thought the pragmatics fuzzy, namely the indetermination of the conversation words, cannot cause the sub audition unclear, and then may satisfy the common interest of both intercommunicative sides. The two kind of or above explanations of the speakers aim to let the listeners to undertake consequence part of responsibilities, which these words caused to make the speakers have room for maneuver. ⒆ As Channell says, the fuzzy language used can protect oneself make blunders. (20) This function manifests in the different commercial situations. Take the commercial advertisement as the example, "Advertisement Law" requests the advertisement to compete impartially, fairly, reasonably, legally, therefore the advertisement terminology must really express the original appearance of the commodity to make the person clearly understand its characteristic and performance; in fact the fuzzy language exists massively in various advertisements.

Example 1:Seven-up is uncola.This commercial advertisement is a pun and fuzzy is expressive. Surface significance: Seven-up is not cola. Inner meaning: Seven-up does not contain the caffeine. From one to the other with humorous nature, it’s unconscious to achieve the goal of propaganda commodity in the mind of the people.

Example 2:Well,our business policy is very clear,and our enterprise credit is also known to all. ⑻

The other party inquired us the operational policy and the enterprise prestige, under that situation, our negotiation personnel think it was not suitable to reply directly, so we use fuzzy words and expressions "very clear, known to all", to make self- protection.

Again, let’s read the commercial contract. Frequently appears the fuzzy words and expressions in the contract context, such as "basically", "essential", "strictly", "suitably", "reasonable", "may", "be supposed" "to have" and so on ⑼.

Example 3: Each party agrees to protect the other’s Confidential Information at all times and the same manner as each protests the confidentiality of its own proprietary and confidential materials, but in no event with less than a reasonable standard of care. ⑽

Without a doubt, "reasonable" is a fuzzy word, actually, in the law term "standard of care" is also a fuzzy information, Black ' s Law Dictionary regarding this explanation: "In the law of negligence, the degree of care that a reasonable person should exercise” (21). Reasonable standard of care, this fuzzy measure has reasonably maintained litigant's benefit of the contract.

4.5 Strengthening the advising function of pragmatics and increasing language communication power

Sometimes, the communicator might retain the precise information or simply unknowns the precise information and uses the fuzzy language, the information like this has the persuasive power, but we should take Grice’s the quality criterion as the examination criterion, namely, do not say things you think they are wrong, do not say things you lack enough evidence. Once you violate this criterion, possibly march into the exaggeration or false zone. For instance, in the following advertisement:

. . . What’s more , you’ll save up to 65 % on stock and option commissions , compared to a full-cost broker. . . ⑾

You may strengthen the persuasive power with the data, because the data always leaves the person precise impression, even if it is fuzzy data "up to 65 %". This is in consistent with the advertisement goal, namely either advising or convincing the consumer to purchase the product or the service.  

The fuzzy language gives the person rich imagination because of its using scope frequently appearing the indetermination and thus makes the language vivid.

For example: Seriously smooth, mysteriously mellow, gloriously golden, who can resist the magic of Camus XO Cognac? ⑿

In the advertisement, several adjectives, the adverbs are used, it vividly described XO, made the person to think its charm and entices, and nobody could resist its temptation. But the adverbs "seriously, mysteriously, gloriously" and the adjectives "smooth, mellow, golden" and so on, their meanings is fuzzy, may leave the audiences freely galloped imagination.    

V. Fuzzy language rhetoric effects

The rhetoric is the discipline that researches the rule of enhancing the language expression effect. "Accurate, brilliant, vivid" are the basic request of traditional rhetoric. The people discovered, the realization of "accurate" goal, are not only depends on precisely, fuzzy also is the important factor that achieves "precise" goal. International commercial English uses the common principle and the knowledge of synthesis disciplines, such as economics, sociology, psychology, rhetoric, and aesthetics to form the unique rhetoric characteristic.

5.1 Humorous effects with humorous charming

Famous dictionary scientist Bradley pointed out that, "Few people are satisfied with always relating the matter clearly; the commonly used words as a result of familiarization with lose their strength, if we use a vivid to be lifelike or the weird laughable metaphor, the arid language with plain or straightforward manner can change into the language with abundant interest." (22)

Indeed, some slang is precisely through rhetoric technique as metaphor and so on, with some simple, vivid and funny concrete image, to show the meaning and transmit the feelings. Concrete things include animal, daily thing, human body, personal name, color, food and so on.

Example 1.But all this leaves the New Republic Inc.without a cash cow. (cash cow “large funds generously reimbursed”.)

Example 2.But Wall Street analysts agreed that CBS was unlikely to consider such action,since it amounts to green mail. (Green mail refers "an artifice of making a profit through blackmailing some company ")

Example 3.The radio I bought turned out to be a lemon.(Lemon refers to "the inferior "or "unuseful things ")

Example 4.You do not have your ticket punched for selling medicine. (The wording meaning of "have one’s ticket punched “is” the hole has been hit on ones own ticket ", the expanded meaning refers to "the legitimate qualifications or the right of doing something ").

Example 5.I wanted her to know that many managers nowadays play the army game not only with their business counterparts,but also with their girl employees. (The literal translation of "the army game" is "the army game". This phrase refers to "the fraud or a put-up job")

These metaphors are vivid, graceful with respectively different, full of humor and wit, achieve the humorous effect and make the serious tense commercial activity atmosphere enlivened to create the good commercial activity atmosphere.

5.2 Tactful and fair-sounding connotation effects

In language communication, connotation gives person the aesthetic and pleasant sensation. The precise language sometimes are too straight and easy to affront the other people, if we use the fuzzy language, we actually can avoid or reduce language thrill, it is easy to form the resonance of thought and sentiment to produce the good persuasive effect. Some scholars proposed that, in English language teaching, the pun, the metaphor, the homonym, the homograph and so on may be regarded as the fuzzy words. It is “one kind of the language fuzziness".

Example1.His father is an advertising science specialist. ("the advertisement scientific expert" refers to "the advertisement businessman" i.e. advertiser).

    More examples: street cleaner --sanitation engineer, dishwasher --bubble dancer, policeman --guardian of the law, bootblack --footwear maintenance engineer, farmer --agriculture science specialist

These tactful languages referred to the real work or the things through the fuzzy and exaggerating technique are vivid to enhance the professional rank, to avoid weakening one or others' self-confidence. It has met psychological needs of both sides.

5.3 Vivid and neat aesthetic sense effects

The fuzzy rhetoric can express the aesthetic object image carefully to stimulate the people to savor, to seek and to break a code, thus to make the business language vivid, brief and to the point, concise and comprehensive; to strengthen the mood and the communicate power; to build a kind of vivid beautiful drawing.

 

5.3.1 Parallel structure

Example: Advertising cannot make people buy against their wills. It cannot induce repeated purchases of inferior products. It cannot prolong the life of a product that has outlived its usefulness or which has been outmoded…

Inferior, outlived, outmoded and so on have the fuzzy significance; but the parallelism structure makes the language concise and comprehensive, increases rhythm feeling, and strengthens the English expressive force. Based on the parallel structure, the similar word order, the reader can grasp the information with full self-confidence fast and accurately.

5.3.2 Metaphor

Example: The building site was a beehive,with iron workers still at work on the tenth floor,plumbers installing fixtures on the floors just beneath them,electricians busy on the middle floors ,and carpenters putting the finishing touches on the first floor.

In the commercial English, the metaphor frequently makes the complex theory, the things concise, visualized, thus causes the business language to be bright, brief and to the point.

5.3.3 Simile

Example: Business is like a man rowing a boat upstream. He has on choice;he must go ahead or he will fall down.

Like is a fuzzy word, makes one have the imagination, Compare doing business to rowing a boat upstream. Just like the metaphor, simile makes the implicit business language vivid and easy to understand.

5.3.4 Repetition

Example: Similarly,atoms come and go in a molecule,but the molecule remains;molecules come and go in a cell,but the cell remains;cells come and go in a body,but the body remains ; persons come and go in an organization, but the organization remains.

 Similarly was a fuzzy word, the repetition both strengthened the mood and left the person the deepen impression to some idea to enhance business language expression force.

 Conclusions

The fuzzy language takes full use of the fuzziness of language itself to transmit information. Its indefiniteness through its objective, rigorous way is helpful to enhance communication effect. In the international commercial English teaching, we carry on the English fuzziness analysis, study its practical effect, grasp its expression way in different context, compare similarities and differences with Chinese language, it may make the language learners have a good command of the standard, true to life English, rise to the occasion in each kind of situations, speak correct, tactful, polite and appropriate English.

 In international commercial English reading, writing or the spoken language teaching, if we lead the students to analyze and utilize fuzzy language, we may enhance the efficiency of English study, it is helpful to us to express our thoughts correctly and clearly, to enhance the objectivity and reliability of the language, in turn, the international commercial English teaching also can promote the fuzzy language analysis and judgment, mutually promote the theory research and the practice enhancement of both subject.

 

 

Acknowledgments

My special thanks and gratitude are to my supervisor, LinJing-jing, who is the lecturer in the Foreign Languages Department, for her kindly assistance and valuable suggestions during the process of my thesis writing, for her continuous discussion and encouragement while preparing this thesis and for her reviewing and correcting this thesis manuscript. Her willingness to give her time so generously has been very much appreciated.  I would like to take this chance to express my sincere gratitude to Dr.XiaTing-de, the Professor of Dalian Marine University, for his comments during my thesis writing. I would like to express my gratitude extends to all the teachers who taught me during my undergraduate years for their kind encouragement and patient instructions. I would like to offer my particular thanks to my friends and family, for their encouragement and support during my study, especially to my wife for her support and effort ,and bearing me during the times while I was very busy, and for the completion of this thesis. Last but not the least, many thanks are to all people who I may forget to mention their names.

 

 

 

 

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【2】麦克斯·布莱克.《语言和哲学》【M】.康奈尔大学出版社,1949年.

【3】伍铁平.《模糊语言学》【M】.上海: 上海外语教育出版社,l999.8-l0.

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【6】 何自然,冉永平.《语用与认知——关联理论研究》【M】.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001.55-82.

【7】《合同法(中英文对照)》【C】.中国法制出版社,2003.

孙志祥.《合同英译理解过程中的“合法”前提和“求信”标准》【J】.中国翻译,2001,(5):52-55

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NECI GRAMMAR [初中英语]
发表于:2012-07-16 阅读:200次

新概念一共144课,其中单课为课文,双课为语法和练习。整本书是以单数课为正课,并附带有插图而双数课则是针对单数课所讲的内容有针对性地进行练习,从此出展现出整个新概念一教材区别于其他教材的独特之处。

以下是对新概念一整本教材的理解和剖析,以供各位对整个课本的理解和把握上参考和借鉴。

首先根据课本中出现的时态来分析:

  本册书的语法出现层次性和规律性是很强的,首先我们先来整本书中都出了哪些时态,这些时态的具体分布和讲解时我们大家需要注意的递进性。
  Lesson 31—34 现在进行时
  Lesson 37—40 第一次出现be going to 的将来时
  Lesson 51—56 一般现在时
  Lesson 67—76 为一般过去式
  Lesson 83—90 为现在完成时
  Lesson 91—96 为一般将来时 (will)
  Lesson 117—118 过去进行时
  Lesson 119—120 过去完成时

  除去前面所有时态和句型所占据的76课我们一起来看一下以下的68课,每一课小的语言点,语法点都是在什么地方,应该用什么样的方式来讲解。

  在这里告诉学员新概念一的每一个单课的重点都是出现双课的标题和课后的练习题里面。

  Lesson1—2
  语言点:与陌生人说话或引起别人的注意。Excuse me. Yes? Pardon? Thank you very much.
  语法点:主系表结构this为主语,名词做表语1的一般疑问句以及它的肯定回答。Is this your handbag? Yes, it is.

   Lesson 5—6
   语言点:如何介绍别人。This is Miss Sophie Dupont. Nice to meet you.
   语法点:主语为第三人称单数的主系表结构。She is French. He is German. It’s a Volvo.(L6)
             a/an 的使用。

  Lesson 7—8
  语言点:如何自我介绍和相互认识。
  语法点:主语为第二人称的主系表结构。Are you French?
             What nationality are you? What’s your job? 特殊疑问句。

  Lesson 9—10
  语言点:朋友或熟识的人之间如何相互问候。How are you?
  语法点:主系表结构形容词做表语。
             介词短语表示位置 near the window, on the televion, on the wall

      Lesson 29—30
  语言点:如何发号命令。
  语法点:祈使句(肯定)。
             动词与宾语的固定搭配。

  Lesson 37—38
     语言点:如何表达将要做的事情。
   语法点:现在进行时态be going to do结构表达将要发生的事情。
            There be 句型的一般疑问句形式。

  Lesson 41-42
  语法点:如何表示不可数名词的量。

  Lesson 63-64
  语言点:建议忠告。
  语法点:don’t do…. You mustn’t do…

  Lesson 65-66
  语法点:具体时间表示法(半点和刻钟)。
             反身代词。
             具体日期表达方式。

  Lesson 73-74
  语言点:问路。
  语法点:不规则动词的过去式。
             形容词转变成副词。

  Lesson 77-78
  语言点:看病。
  语法点:综合时间表达方式。

  Lesson 105-106
  语言点:办公室用语。
  语法点:want sb to do…./ tell sb to do…以及其否定形式。

  Lesson 103-104
  语言点:考试。
  语法点:宾语从句。(从句部分为非现在时态)
             程度副词 too, very ,enough

  Lesson 125-126
  语言点:/
  语法点:have to do…/ don’t need to do…

  Lesson 127-128
  语言点:娱乐界。
  语法点:must/can’t 对现在事情的肯定/否定猜测。

  Lesson 129-130
  语言点:交通状况。
  语法点:must/can’t have been….对过去事情的肯定/否定猜测。

  Lesson 131-132
  语言点:度假。
  语法点:may 对现在/过去事情的肯定或否定猜测。

  以下学的知识慢慢与新二接轨:

  现在完成时:Lesson 83—90
  直接引语变成间接引语:Lesson 99—102
  形容词的比较级和最高级:Lesson107—112
  neither ,so 的用法:Lesson 113—114
  不定代词的用法:Lesson 115—116
  过去进行和过去完成时:Lesson 117—120
  定语从句:Lesson 121—124
  情态动词的综合用法:Lesson 125—132
     直接引语变间接引语:Lesson 133—136(着重讲时态的倒推)
     if 的用法:Lesson 137—140
     被动语态:Lesson 141—144

英语中的时态一共有八种,它们是:一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时。

今天我们所要讲的就是第一种: 一般现在时——表示一般性,经常性的动作或一般性事实。

1、含有be动词的句子
     He is a teacher.
     The girl is very beautiful.
     Tim and Jack are students.

★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
     Is he a teacher?
     Is the girl very beautiful?
     Are Tim and Jack students?

★变否定句在be动词后面加not
     He is not a teacher.
     The girl is not very beautiful.
     Tim and Jack are not students.

★肯定回答及否定回答
     Yes, he is. / No, he is not.
     Yes, she is. / No, she is not.
     Yes, they are. / No, they are not.

2、不含有be动词的句子,即含有一般动词的句子。

(1)第三人称单数及单数名词
     He likes books.
     She likes him.
     The dog likes bones.

★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型
     Does he like books?
     Does she like him?
     Does the dog like bones?

★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn't, 动词变为原型,原句中的动词不再有第三人称变化。
     He doesn't like books.
     She doesn't like him.
     The dog doesn't like bones.

★肯定回答及否定回答:
     Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
     Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't
     Yes, it does. / No, it doesn't.

注意:第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S,不要和名词复数混淆,变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。

(2)其他人称及复数名词
     I want to have a bath.
     We have some meat.
     The students like smart teachers.

★变疑问句在句首加do
     Do you want to have a bath?
     Do we have any meat?
     Do the students like smart teachers?

★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don't.
     You don't want to have a bath.
     We don't have any meat.
     The students don't like smart teachers.

★肯定回答及否定回答
     Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
     Yes, we do. /  No, we don't
     Yes, they do. / No, they don't.

现在进行时

——表示现在正在进行的动作

构成:主语+be动词+动词的现在分词+其它成分
     We are having lunch.
  He is reading a book.
  The dog is running after a cat.
  The boys are swimming across the river.

★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
  Are we having lunch?
  Is he reading a book?
  Is the dog running after a cat?
  Are the boys swimming across the river?

★变否定句在be动词后面加 not
  We are not having lunch.
  He is not reading a book.
  The dog is not running after a cat.
  The boys are swimming across the river.

★特殊疑问句:what, which, how, where, who, etc.
  疑问词+动词+主语+现在分词
  What are you doing?
  What is she doing?
  What is the dog doing?

没有进行时的动词(必背)

表示状态,思想,感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作:

1. 表示感觉,感官的词
  see, hear, like, love, want

2. have, has当“拥有”讲时没有进行时

一般过去时

表示过去发生的动作或事件,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago...

含有be动词的句子,将be动词变为过去式。am, is的过去式为was, are的过去式为were:
  I was at the butcher's.
  You were a student a year ago.
  The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.

★变疑问句将be动词移动到句首
  Were you at the butcher's?
  Were you a student a year ago?
  Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?

★变否定句在be动词后面加not
  I was not at the butcher's.
  You were not a student a year ago.
  The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.

★肯定回答否定回答
  Yes, I was. / No, I was not.
  Yes, you were. / No, you were not.
  Yes, he/she was. / No, he/she was not.

★特殊疑问句
  What did you do?(必背)

不含有be动词的句子,将动词变为过去式:
  I finished my homework yesterday.
  The boy went to a restaurant.
  The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.

★变疑问句在句首加did,动词变为原型
  Did you finish your homework yesterday?
  Did the boy go to a restaurant?
  Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?

★变否定句在主语和动词之间加did not
  I did not finish my homework yesterday.
  The boy did not go to a restaurant.
  The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago.

★肯定回答及否定回答
  Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
  Yes, he did. / No, he didn't.
  Yes, they did. / No, they did not.

现在完成时
构成:主语+助动词have, has+过去分词

用法:
1) 表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作,常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用。
  I have just had lunch. (饱了,不用再吃了。)
  He has had a cup of tea.(不渴了,不用再喝。)
  They have already had their holiday. (不能再度假了。)
  The boy has already read the book. (已经知道书的内容了,不用再看了。)

2) 询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时:
  Have you finished your homework?
  Have you been to Beijing?
  Has he seen the film?

3) 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作
  I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.
  I have worked for this school for 1 year.

4) 表示一种经历,经验:去过…地方,做过…事情,经历过…事情
  I have never had a bath.
  I have never seen a film.
  I have never been to cinema.
  I have ever been to Paris.
  Have been to表示去过,have gone to 表示去了
  I have been to London.(人已经回来)
  He has gone to London.(人还在那里)

5) 表示一种结果, 一般不和时间副词联用
  I have lost my pen.
  I have hurt myself.
  He has become a teacher.
  She has broken my heart.

句型变化:
★变疑问句将助动词移到句首,变否定句在助动词后面加not.
  Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.

★肯定回答及否定回答
  Yes, I have. / No, I have not.

★特殊疑问句
  What have you done?
  What has he done?

一般过去时与现在完成时的区别:
  凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时。
  注意:有些动词表示的动作有一个终点,不能再延续,因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用。
  错:I’ve left Beijing for 3 days.
  对:I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from Beijing for 3 days.

一般将来时

——表示将来将要发生的动作, 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours' time, etc. 表示将来的词联用。
结构:主语+助动词will+动词原形
  I will go to America tomorrow.
  The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.
  Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.

★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
  Will you go to America tomorrow?
  Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?
  Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?

★变否定句在助动词后面加not
  I will not go to America tomorrow.
  The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.
  Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning.

★肯定回答及否定回答
  Yes, I will. / No, I will not.
  Yes, he/she will. / No, he/she will not.
  Yes, he will. / No, he will not.

★特殊疑问句
  What will you do?

过去完成时

用法:在过去的时间里,两个动作中,发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。
结构:had+过去分词
  After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.
  They had sold the car before I asked the price.
  The train had left before I arrived at the station.

After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号,如果放在主句后则不用加。

★ 变疑问句将助动词移到句首
    Had she finished her homework?

★ 变否定句在助动词后面加not
  She hadn't finished her homework.

★ 肯定回答及否定回答
  Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't.

★ 特殊疑问句
  What had she done?

过去进行时

——表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。

结构:was/were+doing

When my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.

Their father was watching TV while they were having dinner.

★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Was their father watching TV while they were having dinner.

★变否定句在be动词后面加 not
Their father was not watching TV while they were having dinner.

过去将来时

结构:would do
  She said she would go here the next morning.

两个特殊句型:there be 句型,be going to 结构

1) Be going to 结构——表示打算,准备,计划做某事

★结构:主语+be动词+going to +动词原型
  I am going to make a bookcase.
  They are going to paint it.
  The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.

★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
  Are you going to make a bookcase?
  Are they going to paint it?
  Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?

★变否定句在be动词后面加not
  I am not going to make a bookcase.
  They are going to paint it.
  The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.

★肯定回答及否定回答
  Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
  Yes, they are. / No, they are not.
  Yes, he is. / No, he is not.

★特殊疑问句(必背)
  What are you going to do?
  What are they going to do?
  What is the father going to do?

2) There be 句型——表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)   

     There is+单数名词+表示场所的词(一般为介词词组)
  There is a book in this room.
  There is a pen on the table
  There are+复数名词+表示场所的词(一般为介词词组)
  There are two pens on the table.
  There are three schools there.

★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
  Is there a book in this room?
  Are there two pens on the table?

★变否定句在动词后面加not
  There is not a book in this room.
  There are not two pens on the table.

★肯定回答及否定回答
  Yes, there is. / No, there is not.
  Yes, there are. / No, there are not.

问句:

一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句,选择疑问句,否定疑问句

1) 一般疑问句:助动词/be动词+主语
  Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?

2) 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
  What is your name?

3) 选择疑问句:or
  Do you want beef or lamb?

4) 反意疑问句: 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分,否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分
  You don't need that pen, do you?

5) 否定疑问句:一般疑问句+否定词
  Aren't you lucky? Don't you want have a rest?

限定词:

some, any, many, much

• some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词,some用于肯定句,any用于否定句和疑问句。注意:当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some。

I have some milk.
I don't have any milk.
May I have some milk?

• many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词。在口语中表示“很多”一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示“很多”用many, much。

I have a lot of money.
I don't have much money.

名词

名词分为可数名词和不可数名词:

1)不可数名词

无法分开的东西:water, tea, bread, milk, rice
抽象的东西:love, beauty, coldness

不可数名词有以下特点:

不能用a, an修饰;
不能加s;
和单数be动词或动词搭配。

2)可数名词

单数可数名词要用冠词修饰,复数可数名词要在名词后面加s。名词复数共有以下几种变化:

• 规则变化的名词复数形式

规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shell→shells book→books

规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. fox→foxes  church→churches, bus→buses, watch→watches

规则3 以o结尾+s或+es e.g. potato→potatoes, Negro→Negroes, hero→heroes, tomato→tomatoes,(口诀:黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿),剩下一般加s, radio→radios

规则4 以f, fe结尾的,变f, fe为ves e.g. life→lives  half→halves, shelf→shelves, city→cities, wife→wives

规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. sky→skies  fly→flies

• 不规则变化的名词复数形式

man(men)  woman(women)  foot(feet) goose(geese) tooth(teeth)
child(children)  sheep(sheep)   deer(deer)   mouse(mice)  fish(fish)

副词

副词可以修饰形容词,动词,副词或整个句子。如:

The book is very good.
He runs fast.
She came here quite early.
Certainly I will go with you.

副词变化形式:

• 直接在形容词后加-ly:
careful-carefully, slow-slowly

• 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词,把y变i, 加-ly:
happy-happily, lucky-luckily

• 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同,不需要做任何变化:
fast, hard, late

• 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远:
neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately

情态动词的使用

1)情态动词can(能够),must(必须),may(可以)
  结构:主语+can/must/may+动词原型
  He can make the tea.
  Sally can air the room.
  We can speak English.

★变疑问句将情态动词移到句首
  Can he make the tea?
  Can Sally air the room?
  Can we speak English?

★变否定句在情态动词后面加not
  He cannot make the tea.
  Sally cannot air the room.
  We cannot speak English.

★肯定回答及否定回答
  Yes, he can. / No, he cannot.
  Yes, she can. / No, she cannot.
  Yes, we can. / No, we cannot.

★特殊疑问句:(必背)
  What can you do?

注意:情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化,不要在情态动词或动词后面加s

2)must/have to的区别
  must 表示必须,是主观上觉得应该做,have to是不得不,是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做
  must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里,而have to do可以用在任何时态

3)must, may, might表示猜测:
  · must do 表示对现在事实的猜测
  · must have done表示对过去事实的猜测
  · must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测
  · may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测,might的可能性更小。

4)can't/couldn't 表示不可能

need的用法

• 表示“需要”时为实意动词,后面可以加名词,也可以加不定式:

I need a pen.
Do you need any beer? No, I don’t.
I need to have a rest.

Need doing=need to be done (表示被动)

The flowers need watering. =The flowers need to be watered. 花需要浇水。

• need在否定时做情态动词使用:

You needn’t go so early. (=You don’t need to go so early.)
Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn’t.

不定代词及不定副词

some, any, no, every

-thing: something, anything, nothing, everything
-one: someone, anyone, anything, everyone
-where: somewhere, anywhere, anywhere, everywhere
-body: somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody

例子:

1)I looked for my book everywhere, but I can’t find it anywhere.
2)If you want to go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up.
3)Help! Somebody? Anybody?
4)You are really something. 你真了不起!(口语中常用 "something"来表示“真像回事儿”,“真行”的意思)
5)Since everybody is here, let’s begin our class.
6)Where did you go? I went nowhere.
7)Nobody is at home.

感叹句:

1) What +名词+主语+谓语

What a beautiful girl she is!
What tall buildings they are!

2) How +形容词+主语+谓语

How beautiful the girl is!
How tall the buildings are!

• 在口语中,感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略:

What a nice present!(省略it is)
How disappointed!(省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语)

祈使句表示请求、命令、建议、邀请等,谓语动词一律用原型,句子中通常不用主语,句末用惊叹好或者句号,用降调。

肯定句:动词原型

Come here, please.
Go downstairs, please.
Stand up.
Sit down.
Be quiet.
Be careful.

祈使句中如果有唤语,一定要用逗号隔开,放在句首或者句尾:
Come in, Amy.
Sit down here, Tom.
Mary, give me a book please.

否定:Don't+动词原型

Don't come here.
Don't sit down.
Don't stand up.
Don't give me it.

let sb. do 让某人做

Let me pass.
Let us have a rest.
Let's have a rest.

反意疑问:
Let's have a walk along the river, shall we?
Let us go out for a drink, will you? 

倒装句:so/neither的倒装

eg: He can swim. So can I.
  I didn't go to class. Neither did I.

结构:
  so/neither+be+ 主语
  so/neither+助动词+ 主语
  so/neither+情态动词+ 主语

助动词:
     一般现在时: do, does/am, is, are
  现在进行时: am, is, are
  一般过去时: did
  现在完成时: have, has
  一般将来时: will, shall
  过去进行时: was, were
  过去完成时: had
  过去将来时: would

直接引语/间接引语

如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时,那么间接引语要做相应变化:时态,人称,时间地点及指示词

1) 时态变化:

  一般现在时——一般过去时
  现在进行时——过去进行时
  一般过去时——过去完成时
  现在完成时——过去完成时
  一般将来时——过去将来时

  be going to——was/were going to/would
  can--could
  may--might

2) 时间地点及指示词的变化:

  here-there, tomorrow-the next day, the following day, this-that…

3) 人称变化:根据句意改变人称。

4) 直接宾语/间接宾语

  主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

  直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务,也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的,或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。

  He gives me a book.(me间接宾语,a book直接宾语)

  直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for:
  主语+及物动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语

  Give me a book. = Give the book to me.
  Send him a letter. = Send a letter to him.
  Show him the new dress. = Show the new dress to him.

1)代词及be动词
  主格 I we you you she/he/it they
  宾格 me us you you her/him/it them
  代词所有格 my our your your her/his/its their
  名词性代词 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs
  be动词现在时 Am are are are is are
  be动词过去时 was were were were was were

2)名词的复数
  规则变化的名词复数形式
  规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shell→shells  toy→toys
  规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. fox→foxes  church→churches
  规则3 以o结尾s或+es e.g. radio→radios  potato→potatoes
  规则4 以f, fe结尾的,变f, fe为ves e.g. life→lives  half→halves
  规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. sky→skies  study→studies

3)动词的第三人称单数形式
  规则1 一般情况+s e.g. like-likes, look-looks
  规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. do-does, catch-catches
  规则3 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. carry-carries, fly-flies

4)动词现在分词
  规则1 一般动词加-ing e.g. look-looking,  read-reading,  play-playing
  规则2 以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-ing e.g. make-making, take-taking, arrive-arriving
  规则3 重读闭音节词结尾, 即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-ing  e. g. run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, stop-stopping

5)动词过去式

      规则动词变化
    规则1 一般动词加-ed e.g. look-looked, watch-watched, play-played
  规则2 以e结尾的加-d e.g. make-maked, arrive-arrived
  规则3 以辅音字母加结尾的变y为i加-ed cry-cried, carry-carried
  规则4 重读闭音节词结尾, 即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-ed  stop-stopped

      过去式的读音
  在清辅音后面(除外)读/t/ e.g. walked, jumped
  在浊辅音和元音后读/d/ e.g. washed, watched
  在/t/,/d/后读/id/ e.g. waited, hated

6)形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

      比较级
      规则1 一般加-er e.g. high-higher
  规则2 以结尾加-r nice-nicer
  规则3 以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-er busy-busier
  规则4 重读闭音节结尾, 双写辅音字母再加-er fat-fatter

      最高级
      规则1 一般加-est e.g. high-highest
  规则2 以结尾加-st nice-nicet
  规则3 以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-est busy-busiest
  规则4 重读闭音节结尾, 双写辅音字母再加--est fat-fattest

7)常见缩写:
  is='s I am=I'm are='re
  is not=isn't /iznt/ are not=aren't /a:nt/
  do not=don't
  does not=doesn't
  was='s
  did not=didn't
  can not=can't
  have='ve
  has='s
  have not=haven't
  has not=hasn't
  will='ll
      will not=won't
  shall not=shan't

中西婚礼差异 [随笔杂谈]
发表于:2012-07-16 阅读:28次

 Marriage as a human institution exists in so many civilizations that weddings have naturally become an important part in people's life. It is full of happiness and deep love in each wedding, and weddings make girls becoming the unique and most beautiful person in the world on that day. However, different countries have different wedding forms because of diverse cultures, Western and Chinese weddings have lots of distinctions in the wedding style, wedding customs and wedding dressings.

          Firstly, Western and Chinese weddings have different weddings styles. The western wedding is a romantic and terrific type from start to the end. In the west, if a man in love wants to marry a female, he must propose to the bride first, he may spend lots of time and energy to prepare for the proposal in order to give the bride a big surprise and a great touch. Besides, an engagement ring is also a necessity. On the other hand, the wedding ceremony is held in a church by a priest. The church is the most vital link in the entire wedding ceremony, where the priest asks the bride and grooms to make a lifetime commitment, then the new couple exchange marriage rings, and at the end of the wedding, the bride throws the flower ball to the female guests which makes the entire ceremony climactic. In contrast, it is traditional and special of the Chinese wedding style. In a traditional Chinese wedding, when the groom arrives at the bride's home, the bride covered by a red head-kerchief must cry with her mother to show her reluctance to leave home. The bride's family members or friends will set various tricks to the groom. For example, they won't open the door until the groom gives some gifts called Hongbao. Additionally, they may hide the bride or her shoes and ask the groom to find them out. These traditional manners are very interesting and often have their special meanings.

          Secondly, the wedding customs are likewise very different between Western and Chinese weddings. In the western countries, the engaged men and women have to prepare a lot for the wedding. On the night before the wedding, a rehearsal dinner after practicing the ceremony will be held and all the members will attend. It is a tradition that the groom cannot see his bride before the rehearsal dinner. Certainly, they have to prepare lots of invitation cards to invite friends, colleagues and relatives to attend their wedding. While in China, people create some funny things to make the wedding lively. For instance, the double happiness, which is on a red piece of paper or in paper cut, is always pasted up around the houses to show its happiness. Though many traditional activities can no longer be seen at a Chinese wedding, the spree bridal chamber is still common both in country and in town. The spree happens after the groom and bride go into their bridal chamber. Lots of friends and relatives, especially the young , can enter the room and play all kinds of tricks on the new couple. They cheer and laugh a lot to congratulate the couple and share their happiness so that there is an exceptionally lively atmosphere in the room.

          Finally, newlyweds in different nations have distinct dressings on the wedding. Western wedding cultures have special requirements for dressings. An ancient nursery rhyme about " something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue" is now an important part in a western wedding. Something old is symbolic of continuity, something new signifies hope for the future, something borrowed is emblematic of future happiness, and something blue means the color of purity. The white wedding gown is extremely common and popular, which stands for purity and beauty. However, Chinese new couples wear the clothes that represent the Chinese antique traditions. In China, red is a symbol of luck, wealth and health, so the bride's clothes on that day are always red inside and out. They may also wear Tang suits and cheong-sam if the new couple want to hold a traditional wedding ceremony.

          By studying the differences of Western and Chinese weddings, it helps to understand the exact features of the two kinds of weddings. The western wedding values the good feeling which gives us the impression of romanticism and freedom, while the Chinese value the ceremony which seems to be more striped-pants but owns deeper cultural connotations. Nowadays, nations learn from each other and many weddings have mixed characters of the two countries. It is great that we can combine western wedding and Chinese wedding to hold a romantic, traditional, and meaningful one. Anyhow, it will be a lovely wedding as long as happiness and love exist.

发表于:2012-07-16 阅读:17次
一个月提升英语成绩和口语水平计划
30天读透30篇真题,熟背30段,做30个生词表,集体听读写30遍!
 
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