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成人英语教学(基础篇)
发表于:2013-01-25阅读:153次
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第一课 名词 1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:
名词 专有名词 不可数名词 普通名词 物质名词 抽象名词 集体名词 可数名词 个体名词
1.1 名词复数的规则变化 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches 以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化 1)以y结尾的名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如: the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 2)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes。 Yet very few voters really know what those zeros mean. 然而,很少有选民真正懂得那一串串零的含义。
3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s,如: roof---roofscafe---cafes; b. 去f,fe加ves,如:half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wife---wives thief---thieves; c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
1.3 名词复数的不规则变化 1) child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意:由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。 2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin(汉语)斤(重量单位),yuan; two li,four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元dollar、英镑pound、法郎franc等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters; two francs。 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如: people police警方 cattle家畜等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The Chinese are industrious and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths=mathematics,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。 b. news 为不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如: "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。 6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。
练习:
1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______. a.little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages 2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war. a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes 3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year. a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation 4.Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities. a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil 7.The room was small and contained far too ______. a. much new furniture c. much new furnitures b. many new furniture d. many new furnitures
Christmas Eve, which is annually on December 24, is the day before Christmas Day. Since Christmas Eve is not an official holiday, most people have to work. However, many workplaces hold celebrations, so there is a celebratory air to the day. Many people decorate their homes with decorations. The centerpiece of the decorations is often a Christmas tree decorated with ornaments. Outdoor light sculptures are also becoming increasingly popular. In the evening, many families, particularly those with children, will hang up stockings on the fireplace or the end of their bed. Children hope that Santa Claus will enter their home via the chimney and fill their stocking with gifts.
平安夜是在每年的12月24日,也是圣诞节的前一天。 圣诞节不是官方节日,大部分人必须要工作。然而,许多工作场所举行庆祝活动,因此整天都有节日氛围。 许多人用装饰品装饰他们的屋子。中心装饰品往往是一棵装饰着饰品的圣诞树。室外光雕塑也变得越来越流行。 在晚上,许多家庭,尤其是那些有小孩的,会把长袜挂在壁炉边或床尾。孩子们希望圣诞老人通过烟囱进入他们家并在袜子里装满礼物。
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