高中英语语法之一 虚拟语气讲解

 

　　语气 (mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。

　　陈述语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实。

　　祈使语气 (imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。

虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。

 

　　一. 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用

　　条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。

　　如：

　　If
it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。

　　Oil
floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。

　　虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。

	条件从句	主句
与现在事实相反	过去式（动词是be用were）	should / would/could/might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反	had + 过去分词	should / would/could/might + have +过去分词
与未来事实相反	1) should + 动词原形 2) were + 动词不定式 3) 过去式（动词是Be也可以用were）	should / would/could/might + 动词原形

 

　　1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式 (be的过去式用were), 主句的谓语用should（would, might, could）+动词原形。

　　如：

　　If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。

　　If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。

　　

　　2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should （ would, might， could）+ have ＋过去分词。

如：　

She would
have gone to the party if she had been invited.　　

　　要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。

　　If
she hadn't called me, I would have overslept this morning.　　

　　今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。

　　3. 与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)； should＋动词原形；were to＋动词原形，主句用should （would, might， could）+动词原形。

　　如：If
I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.　　

　　明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。

　　If it should fail, I would try again.要是失败了，我会再试一次。

　　

　　4. 混合型的条件句

当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。

　  He would pass the test if he had
taken my advice．如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。

　　If
I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now.

　　假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。

　　You
would be much better now if you had taken my advice.

　　假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。

　

　　二. 连词if的省略

　　如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。

　　Had you not helped me， I should have failed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。

　　Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。

　　Should
they attack us, we’ll wipe them out completely.

假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。

 

　　三. 含蓄条件句

　　虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。

　　一般条件暗含在短语中。

　　如：　　But for your help ,we couldn’t have
succeeded in the experiment.

　　如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词but for your help)

　　What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在介词短语without you 中)

　　It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。

　　(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way中)

　　Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)

　

　　

　　虚拟语气补充讲解

　　虚拟语气除主要用于条件句（也就是状语从句）外，还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等。

　　1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用

　　“常用在It is (was)+形容词 / 过去分词+that引导的主语从句”的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形(或should+have+过去分词)或只用动词原形(尤其是美国英语)。should在此是助动词，本身并无实义，这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩。

　　It's
important that we（should）work out a
plan. （带有“要求”的含义）

　　It's
better that he go at once. （带有“建议”的意思）

　　☆ 用于本句型的形容词并不多，常见形容词有：necessary，important，best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative, advisable，essential，reserved，urgent， 等。

　　It
is necessary that he（should）be sent
there at once．　　

　　It's
strange that he should say so.　

　　I
was glad that he should go.

　　It
is important that we should speak politely.

　　It
is a pity that she should fare so badly.

　　It's
right that you should think that way.

☆用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested，settled,
required，requested，demanded，urged，decided,
proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。

　　It
is requested that Professor Liu（should）give
us a lecture．　　

　　It
is desired that we（should）get
everything ready by tonight．

　　I’m
ashamed you should have done such a thing.

　　It has been suggested that the meeting（should）be put off．有人建议推迟会议。

It is settled that you leave us,
then?

注意：这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last
week. 他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明，这是很重要的。

 

　　2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用

　　1). 宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气，作为suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire等动词的宾语。

　　如：

　　The doctor suggested that he not go there．医生建议他不要去那里。

　　He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。

　　The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。

　　2). wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。

　　☆ 从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示现在的愿望（与现在事实相反），虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。

  I wish it were true．我但愿这是真的。

　　　☆ 从句的谓语动词还可用“could（would，might）+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望

  I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一会儿。

  　　☆ 表示无能为力的过去愿望（与过去事实相反），可用“had +过去分词”或“could（would，might）+have+过去分词”

　　I wish you had called yesterday．我希望你昨天来过电话。

　We wish you had come to our New Year’s party.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。

　　3). would rather, would sooner等表示愿望，其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。

　　☆ 表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式

　　☆ 用过去完成式(had + 过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义

　　I would rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。

　　I’d sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我宁愿她把重活留给别人。

　

　　

 

虚拟语气练习

专项练习1：

　 1. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _____ the book from which it
was made.

　　A. have read　　　　　　　　 B. had read

　　C. should have read　　　　    D. are reading

　　2.You are late. If you _____ a few
minutes earlier, you _____ him.

　　A. come; would meet　　　　　B. had come; would have met

　　C. come; will meet 　　　　　D. had come; would meet

　　3.The two students talked as if they
_____ friends for years.

　　A. should be　　　　　 B. would be

　　C. have been　　　　　 D. had been

　　4.It is important that I _____ with
Mr. Williams immediately.

　　A. speak　　　　　　　B.
spoke

　　C. will speak　　　　 D. to speak

　　5.He looked as if he _____ ill for a
long time.

　　A. was　　　　　 B. were   C. has been　　 D. had been

　　6.If the doctor had come earlier, the
poor child would not _____.

　　A. have laid there for two hours 　　　　　　 B. have been lied there for two hours

　　C. have lied there for two hours　　　　　　　D. have lain there for two hours

　　7.I wish that I _____ with you last
night.

　　A. went　　　　 　B. could go

　　C. have gone　　　D. could have gone

　　8.Let’s say you could go there again,
how _____ feel?

　　A. will you　　　　　B. should you

　　C. would you　　　　 D. do you

　　9.I can’t stand him. He always talks
as though he _____ everything.

　　A. knew 　　　　　　　　　　 B. knows

　　C. has known　　 　　　　　　D.
had known

　　10._____ the fog, we should have
reached our school.

　　A. Because of　 　B.
In spite of

　　C. In case of　　 D. But for

　　11.If you had told me in advance, I
_____ him at the airport.

　　A. would meet　　　　　　 B. would had met

　　C. would have met　　　　 D. would have meet

　12.Mike can take his car apart and put
it back together again. I certainly wish he_____ me how.