【知识要点】

一、定语从句的意义

形容词性从句一般称为定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句的位置：一般置于先行词之后，由关系代词和关系副词引导。

二、关系词的用法

引导定语从句的关系代词有which，that，who，whom，whose。关系副词有when，where，why等。

关系代词和关系副词不仅有连接先行词和从句的作用，而且在从句中担当一个句子成分。

1、关系代词的用法：

（1）由who引导的定语从句：关系代词who只能指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。如：

A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student.（关系代词在从句中作主语）

The man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）

（2）由whom引导的定语从句。关系代词whom只能指人，是who的宾格，在从句中作宾语，在口语中常常省略。

如：The man whom you met on the street is my father.（关系代词who在从句中作宾语，可以省略）

The woman（whom）you talked with yesterday will come here the day after tomorrow.

（关系代词whom在从句中作宾语，可以省略）

（3）由that引导的定语从句。关系代词that在从句中既可以作主语，又可作宾语；既可指人，又可指物。如：

She is the woman that often comes here.（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指人）

The book that is on the desk was written by my grandfather.（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指物。此句中的that可以用which替换）

Is there anything that I can do for you?（关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指物。此句中的that不能用which替换）

The passenger and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred to another plane.

（这句的关系代词that不能用which替换，因为它在此句中既指人又指物）

（4）由which引导的定语从句。关系代词which一般指物，在从句中可作主语，也可以作宾语。如：

He came late，which made the teacher angry.（which引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语）

That is the pencil which I lost yesterday.（which引导限定性定语从句，在从句中作宾语，which可以省略）

（5）由whose引导的定语从句。关系代词whose是who的所有格，在从句中作定语，既可指人，又可指物。如：

This is the boy whose parents died last year.（whose作定语，指人）

【注】“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”。如：

They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.（= the back wall of which）

He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.（= whose name）

 

2、使用关系代词引导定语从句时应注意的几点

（1）当先行词指人时，许多情况下既可以用that也可以用who，但在下列情况下，宜用who而不用that。

①先行词是one，ones，anyone时，宜用who。如：

Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.

②先行词为those时，宜用who。如：Those who want to see the film sign up here.

③一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用that，另一个用who。

The boy that you met at the school gate yesterday morning is our monitor who studies very hard.

（2）当先行词指物时，许多情况下，既可以用关系代词which，也可用关系代词that，但在下列情况中，只能用关系代词that，而不用which。

①在there+be的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。如：There are two novels that I want to read.

There is no work that can be done now.

②当先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时。如：This is the book that was bought yesterday.

 Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.

③以Here is（are）开头的句子时。如：Here is a film that will move anyone.       Here are two books that I will buy.

④It is（high）time+定语从句中。如：It is time that we should have a rest.

It is high time that they started out.

 

⑤当先行词是way等词时，关系代词用that或者in which在定语从句中作方式状语时，在口语中，常可省略。如：

This is the way that my father did this work.

She admired the way in which I answered the questions.

⑥在双重限定性定语从句中，如果一个从句用who或者which引导时，那么另一个从句用that引导。如：

He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest.

My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isn’t far from here.

⑦当先行词被the last ，the very 和the only修饰时。如：This is the very pen that I am looking for.

The only book I want to read is missing.

⑧在强调句子中，并且以who，which，what开头时。如：

Who was it that was lost ?（此句中，最好不用who来代替that，避免重复）

What was it that you did last week?

⑨当先行词前有序数词时。如：You are the first person that I want to ask for.

This is the second book that I have ever written.

⑩当先行词被all，every，no，some，few，little，much，both等修饰时，如：

This is all that I want to say at the meeting.

Have you any books that are worth reading?

⑾当先行词既指人又指物时。如：

The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them.

Let’s talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.

⑿当先行词为anything，everything，nothing时，关系代词用that不用which；但用something时，用which或者that均可。如：Everything we have seen in China is moving.

I have nothing that is worth reading.

⒀当先行词是疑问代词who时。如：Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess?

 

（3）that，which，whom在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。如：

This is the book（which）you were looking for yesterday. 

I don’t like the novel（that）you are reading.

（4）定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句的人称、数与先行词一致。如：

Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.

（先行词those是复数，关系代词who也就看作是复数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了复数形式are了）

This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.

（先行词the magazine是单数，关系代词which也就看作是单数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了单数形式was sent）

（5）定语从句的时态不要求与主句时态一致。如：The story which I read last night is very interesting.

 

3、关系副词的用法

（1）when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有time，day，morning，night，week，year 等。如：

I still remember the time when I first became a college student.

Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?

【注】when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：Each time he came，he did his best to help us.

（2）where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有place，spot，street，house，room，city，town，country等。如：This is the hotel where they are staying.

I forget the house where the Smiths lived.

【注】where有时也可以省略。如：This is the place (where)we met yesterday.

（3）why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.

【注】why时常也可以省略。如：That is the real reason he did it.

 

4、使用关系副词应注意下列几点

（1）这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：

when = on（in，at，during…）+which   where = in（at，on…）+which   why = for which

如：I was in Beijing on the day when（=on which）he arrived.

The office where（=in which）he works is on the third floor.

This is the chief reason why（=for which）we did it.

（2）当先行词是表时间的time，day等和表地点的place，house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that，缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：

I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.

I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.

（3）when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。

三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人时，就只能用whom；关系代词若是表示事物时，就只能用which。

1、当介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词宾语只能用which（指物）或whom 关系代词不能省略。如：

He has found a good job for which he is qualified.（qualify +名词+for意为“使……具有……资格”）

The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow.（talk to+名词意为“与某人谈话”）

He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents. 他在与房东就那套公寓出租的月租金进行磋商。（名词+rent at+表示价格的词意为“某物以某价格出租”）

2、当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which（指物），that/whom/who（指人）作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。如：This is the hero（that/who/whom）we are proud of.

This is the pen（that/which）I wrote the letter with.

3、“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。

He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.

The monkey crossed the river，in the middle of which he was almost killed.

【注意】在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如：

This is the pen which I’m looking for.

The boys he is looking after are very healthy.

4、介词+关系代词=关系副词

（1）这就是我们去年住过的房间。

This is the room which we lived in last year.This is the room in which we lived last year.

This is the room where we lived last year.

（2）我仍然记得我入党的那一天。

I still remember the day on which I joined the Party.      I still remember the day when I joined the Party.

（节选自日常授课内容）